1、- 1 -Module 4 Great Scientists(建议用时：30 分钟)阅读理解A(2019桂林、百色、崇左联考)By trying to tickle(使发痒) rats and recording how their nerve cells respond, Shimpei Ishiyama and his adviser are discovering a mystery that has puzzled thinkers since Aristotle expected that humans, given their thin skin and unique abilit
2、y to laugh, were the only ticklish animals.It turns out that Aristotle was wrong. In their study published on Thursday, Ishiyama and his adviser Michael Brecht found that rats squeaked and jumped with pleasure when tickled on their backs and bellies. These signs of joy changed according to their moo
3、ds. And for the first time, they discovered a special group of nerve cells. These nerve cells made this feeling so powerful that it causes a rat being tickled to lose control.To make sure that he had indeed found a place in the brain where tickling was processed, Ishiyama then stimulated(刺激) that ar
4、ea with electrical currents. The rats began to jump like rabbits and sing like birds.“Its truly groundbreaking，” said Jeffrey Burgdorf, a neuroscientist at Northwestern University who reviewed the paper.“It takes the study of emotion to a new level.”Burgdorf has played a central role in our understa
5、nding of animal tickling. He was part of a team that first noticed, in the late 1990s, that rats made special noises when they were experiencing social pleasure. Others had already noted that rats repeatedly made short and high sounds during meals. But the lab where Burgdorf worked noticed that they
6、 emitted similar sounds while playing. And so one day, the senior scientist in the lab said, “Lets go and tickle some rats.” They quickly found that those cries of pleasure doubled.“The authors have been very adventurous，” said Daniel OConnor, a neuroscientist at Johns Hopkins University. To him, th
7、at finding was very surprising.“Why does the world literally feel different when you are stressed out？” he said.“This is the first step towards answering that question. It gives us a way to approach it with experimental rigor(严谨)”- 2 -【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章中科学家通过刺激老鼠来记录它们的神经细胞的反应，所得出的结论将对情绪的研究提升到了一个新的高度
8、。1What contributed to humans being ticklish according to Aristotle?ATheir special skin.BTheir social pleasure.CTheir nervous system.DTheir willingness to touch.A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“since Aristotle expected that humans, given their thin skin and unique ability to laugh, were the only ticklish animals”可
9、知，亚里士多德认为人类由于其皮肤薄，而且有独特的笑的能力而成为唯一怕痒的动物，所以正确答案为 A。2Which of the following statements will Jeffrey Burgdorf agree with?AThe research process is full of risks.BThe finding of the study is surprising and unbelievable.CThe new discovery is beneficial for the study of emotion.DThe finding of the study act
10、ually contradicts modern science.C 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“It takes the study of emotion to a new level.”可知，这项研究成果把对情绪的研究提升到了一个新的高度，显然，这对情绪的研究是有益处的。故答案为 C。3The underlined word “squeaked” in Paragraph 2 may be replaced by “ ”Agave a smileBmade a noiseCburst into tearsDwatched with staring eyesB 解析：词义猜测题。根据该
11、词后面的“jumped with pleasure when tickled on their backs and bellies”可知，当在老鼠的背部和腹部挠痒痒的时候，它们会高兴地跳起来，再结合第三段中的“The rats began to jump like rabbits and sing like birds.”可知，此处是“发出声音”的意思，故选 B。4What is the best title for the text?AThe Life of RatsBHow Rats LaughCA Wonderful ScientistDA New Discovery about Rat
12、s- 3 -D 解析：标题归纳题。根据全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了一项关于老鼠的新发现。故答案为 D。B(2019洛阳、许昌高三第一次质检)Looking back on my childhood, I am convinced that naturalists are born and not made.Although we were all brought up in the same way, my brothers and sisters soon abandoned their pressed flowers and insects. Unlike them, I had no e
13、ar for music and languages. I was not an early reader and I could not do mental maths.I have only the unmemorable memory of the house we lived in, of my room and my toys. Nor do I recall clearly the large family of grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins who gathered next door. But I do have a cryst
14、al clear memory of the dogs, the farm animals, the local birds, and above all the insects.I am a naturalist, not a scientist. I have a strong love of the natural world, and my enthusiasm has led me into varied investigations. I love discussing my favorite topics and enjoy burning the midnight oil wh
15、ile reading about other peoples observations and discoveries. Then something happens that brings these observations together in my conscious mind. This has resulted in my publishing 300 papers and books, which some might honour with the title of scientific research.But curiosity, a keen eye, a good
16、memory and enjoyment of the animal and plant world do not make a scientist: One of the outstanding and essential qualities required is selfdiscipline, a quality I lack. A scientist requires not only selfdiscipline but all training, determination and a goal. A scientist, up to a point, can be made. A
17、 naturalist is born. If you can combine the two, you get the best of both worlds.【解题导语】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，作者通过自身的经历明白了一个道理：博物学家是天生的，而科学家则是可以后天培养的。5What impressed the author deeply during his childhood?AWildlife. BMusic.CLanguages. DLiterature.A 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，作者在童年时，印象深刻的是那些野生生物，故选 A。6Why cant the au
18、thor remember his relatives clearly?AHe didnt live with them for long.- 4 -BThe family was extremely large.CHe was fully occupied with observing nature.DHe was too young when he lived with them.C 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句可推知，作者童年时期过于专注自然界而对周围的亲戚并不是很在意，所以没有深刻的印象，这与第四段第二句中的“I have a strong love of the natura
19、l world”呼应，故选 C。7According to the author, what personality should a born naturalist have first of all?ABeing knowledgeable.BBeing selfdisciplined.CBeing full of ambition.DBeing full of enthusiasm.D 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段前两句“I am a naturalist, not a scientist. I have a strong love of the natural world, and m
20、y enthusiasm has led me into varied investigations”可知，作者从小热爱自然界，而且这种热情使作者做了很多不同的调查，成了一个博物学家。由此可推知，一个天生的博物学家首先要充满热情，故选 D。8Why does the author say he is a naturalist, not a scientist?AHe thinks he lacks some quality required of a scientist.BHe thinks he has much trouble doing mental arithmetic.CHe thi
21、nks he comes up with solutions in a most natural way.DHe thinks he just reads about other peoples observations.A 解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句可知，作者认为自己只是一个博物学家而不是一个科学家是因为自己缺乏成为科学家的必备素质，故选 A。完形填空(2019成都第一次诊断性检测)When Heather McHugh, a poet, won a $500，000 “genius grant” from the MacArthur Foundation, she didnt b
22、uy a luxurious car or fly to Paris. 1 ， she put the money in the bank and 2 writing poems.In 2011, she finally 3 what to do with it. That year, Heathers godson and his wife 4 their first child, a beautiful baby girl but severely disabled.“I saw how peoples 5 can change overnight. I started thinking
23、about people in a 6 situation，” says Heather.She 7 there were millions of caregivers taking care of the chronically(慢性地) ill or disabled. So in 2012, Heather 8 a nonprofit organization offering a sevenday vacation, with all 9 paid, to people who - 5 -have been caregivers for at least ten years.Trici
24、a was one of the first caregivers to go on vacation. When Tricia got a call saying she was offered a 10 vacation, she couldnt 11 it; disbelief even 12 her concern about leaving her two kids.Tricia went, and her favorite parts of the trip were to enjoy the 13 things.“I got to eat hot food hot and col
25、d food cold. I could go to bed when I wanted to and wake up whenever I chose to，” says Tricia. She was afraid the 14 would return when the 15 was over, but to her surprise, it hasnt been back since.Heather says Tricias 16 resembles those of the other ten caregivers she helps every year.“Before the v
26、acation they are so 17 ，but the 18 is so amazing. They reflect and relax. It feels 19 like another world and gives them a chance to see their lives from another 20 ，” she adds.【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文。Heather McHugh 利用自己的五十万美元奖金建立非营利组织，为照顾慢性病患者和残疾人的护理员提供免费休假，让他们到新的环境中，从不一样的角度来看待他们的人生。1A.However BThereforeCIn
27、stead DBesidesC 解析：根据空处前一句中的“she didnt buy a luxurious car or fly to Paris”可知，在获得了五十万美元的奖金后，她并没有购买汽车或去旅游；结合该句中的“she put the money in the bank”可知，反而，她将这些钱存入银行。C 项意为“而是，反而”，符合语境；however“然而”；therefore“因此”；besides“此外”。2A.continued BquittedCpracticed DstartedA 解析：根据前一句中的“a poet”，结合该句中的“she put the money
28、in the bank and writing poems”可知，她(这位诗人 )获奖后，将奖金存进银行，继续(continued)写诗。quit“停止”；practice“实践，训练”。3A.thought over BwonderedCtalked about DdecidedD 解析：根据下文中的“Heather a nonprofit organization offering a sevenday vacation”可知，此处表示在 2011 年，她终于决定如何使用这笔钱。think over“仔细考虑”；wonder“想知道，好奇”；talk about“谈到，谈论”；decide
29、“决定”符合语境。4A.held Bwelcomed- 6 -Clost DsavedB 解析：Heather 的教子和他的妻子迎来了他们的第一个孩子，那是一个漂亮的女婴，但是有严重的残疾。hold 意为“握着，举行”；lose 意为“失去”；save 意为“拯救，节约”；welcome“迎接”符合语境。5A.feelings BfutureClives DroutineC 解析：根据语境，并结合上文中提到的 Heather 的教子和他的妻子生下了一个残疾的女婴可知，Heather 看到了人的生活(lives)是如何在一夜之间发生改变的。routine“惯例，常规”。6A.different
30、BsimilarCworse DbetterB 解析：根据上文提到的 Heather 的教子和他的妻子生下了一个残疾女婴并且 Heather看到了人的生活是如何在一夜之间发生改变的可知，Heather 开始关注那些有相似(similar)境遇的人。7A.discovered BclaimedCadmitted DfeltA 解析：她发现有数百万照顾慢性病患者和残疾人的护理员。claim“宣称；断言”；admit“承认”；discover“发现”。8A.donated BfoundCvisited DformedD 解析：因此 Heather 在 2012 年建立了一个非营利组织，为那些成为护理
31、员至少十年的人提供七天免费休假。form“建立，组成”符合语境。donate“捐赠”；find“发现”；visit“参观”。9A.taxes BsalaryCexpenses DrentC 解析：参见上题解析。tax“税”；salary“薪水”；rent“租金”；expense“花费”符合语境。10A.free BcaringCshort DlongA 解析：由前文可知，这个休假是对护理员免费的。free“免费的”。11A.believe BtakeCrefuse DenjoyA 解析：根据空后的“disbelief”可知，Tricia 不相信她获得了一个免费休假这件事。A 项意为“相信”，符
32、合语境。- 7 -12A.woke BdefeatedCshowed DmovedB 解析：根据下一段中的“Tricia went, and her favorite parts of the trip were to enjoy”可知，Tricia 接受了免费休假这件事情，由此可知，她对免费休假的怀疑(和向往)打败(defeated)了对于留下孩子们的担忧。wake“醒来”；show“展示”；move“移动”。13A.wonderful BdeliciousCpeaceful DsimpleD 解析：根据空后的“I got to eat hot food hot and cold food
33、cold. I could go to bed when I wanted to and wake up whenever I chose to”可知，Tricia 在度假时所做的事情都是很普通、很简单的(simple)事情。wonderful“精彩的，极棒的”；delicious“美味的”；peaceful“平静的，和平的”。14A.heaviness BpainCsadness DdisbeliefA 解析：她担心度假结束后，自己的生活会回归以前的沉闷，但出乎她意料的是后来的生活并没有回到从前。根据上文可知，Tricia 是一个护理员，平时的工作都是照顾病人，生活少有放松的时候，故 hea
34、viness“沉闷”符合语境。pain“伤痛”；sadness“伤心，悲伤”；disbelief“怀疑，不信任”。15A.entertainment BdreamCvacation DfreedomC 解析：根据第四段第一句“Tricia was one of the first caregivers to go on vacation.”可知选 C。16A.comment BstoryCsurprise DfortuneB 解析：上文讲述的是 Tricia 享受免费休假的故事，故 B 项 story“故事”符合语境。17A.worried BconfusedCunexpected Dstre
35、ssedD 解析：根据上文提到的 Tricia 担心度假结束后自己的生活会回归以前的沉闷可知，D 项“stressed”符合语境。18A.award BchangeCscenery DaccommodationB 解析：根据上文可知，其他看护人员和 Tricia 一样，在度假前他们的生活较为沉闷；结合后一句“They reflect and relax.”可知，在度假之后，他们变得很放松。据此可知，- 8 -这样的改变令人惊讶。change 意为“改变”，符合语境，故 B 项正确。award“奖”；scenery“风景”；accommodation“住宿”。19A.slightly BinterestinglyCmagically DmostlyC 解析：这神奇地(magically)像是另外一个世界，并且给了他们一个从另一个角度(angle)看待他们的生活的机会。slightly“轻微地”；interestingly“有趣地”；mostly“大多地”；magically“魔法般地”符合语境。20A.place BsituationCheight DangleD 解析：参见上题解析。
