1、 1专题三 代词和介词一、代 词全国卷考情分析题型分类 典题试做 命题解读语法填空1.(2017全国卷)However，the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months，more than 25，000 people were using it every day.2(2016全国卷)On my recent visit，I held a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by its(it) mother.1.考查人称代词的主格和宾格；2
2、考查物主代词的基本用法；3考查 it 的基本用法；4考查不定代词和替代词的基本用法。短文改错1.(2017全国卷)Mr.and Mrs.Zhang / work in our school.allboth all【导学号：33220102】2(2016全国卷)My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in a short period of time.Instead，he hopes that ourhis business will grow steadily.1.代词单复数的错用；2人称代词与物主代词的错用；3不定代词的错用；4
3、代词与其所指代的对象不符。(对应学生用书第 180 页)人称代词、物主代词、反身代词先试做题组.单句语法填空1(2016北京高考)We are very proud of ourselves(we) and believe we can do more for a better world. 【导学号：33220103】22(2017江西九江一模)We valued every chance we could to keep us(we) both on the right track.单句改错(2016四川高考)When he came back，I found a bunch of flo
4、wers in her hand.herhis再解读要点1人称代词人称代词有主格(I，we，they，he，she，it)和宾格(me，us，them，him，her，it)等之分。主格在句中作主语；宾格用在及物动词或介词后作宾语，也可作表语或同位语。To really understand a man we must judge him in misfortune.只有在不幸时才能真正了解一个人。2物主代词形容词性物主代词(my，your，his，her，its，our，your，their)相当于形容词，在句中只能作名词或动名词的前置定语，不能单独使用。名词性物主代词(mine，yours
5、，his，hers，its，ours，yours，theirs)相当于“形容词性物主代词名词” ，可单独作主语、表语和宾语，也可与 of 连用作后置定语，但不能单独作定语。(朗文辞典)The main difference between our brains and those of monkeys is that ours are bigger.我们的大脑和猴子的大脑之间的主要差别在于我们的要大些。3反身代词(1)反身代词(myself，ourselves，yourself，yourselves，themselves，himself，herself，itself)在句中可用作宾语或表语、同
6、位语。还可以作名词或代词的同位语，加强语气，表示“亲自，本人”的意思。(上海高考)If our parents do everything for us children，we wont learn to depend on ourselves.如果我们的父母为我们孩子们做一切，我们就无法学会独立。(2)含有反身代词的习惯用语by oneself 单独地，独自地 for oneself 亲自，为自己seat oneself 坐下 behave oneself 举止得体say to oneself 心里想 talk to oneself 自言自语enjoy oneself 过得愉快 devote
7、 oneself to 致力于3help oneself to 随便吃；随便用apply oneself to 专心致志于make yourself at home 不拘束come to oneself 恢复知觉；苏醒过来adapt/adjust oneself to 适应于abandon oneself to 沉迷于，放纵于express oneself 表达某人的思想lose oneself in (be lost in)迷失不定代词先试做题组.单句语法填空1I dont like this room.Im going to ask for another2(2017山西太原二诊)Both
8、 teams were in hard training; neither was willing to lose the game.单句改错(2017江西六校联考)Failure is part of our life.Somebody has achieved great success without lots of failures.SomebodyNobody再解读要点1all，both，either，any，none，neither都 任何一个 都不 部分否定两者 both eitherneithernot eitherboth 和 not 连用三者或三者以上 all anynon
9、enot any all 和 not 连用(2015福建高考)The research group produced two reports based on the survey，but neither contained any useful suggestions.以这个调查为基础，研究团队做了两个报告，但是两个都不包含任何有用的建议。(江西高考)When shall I call，in the morning or afternoon？我什么时候(给你)打电话方便，上午还是下午？Either.Ill be in all day.4都可以，我将一整天都在家。2none，nothing，n
10、o one/nobodynonenone 既指人也指物，后面可接 of 短语，一般用来回答 how many，how much 和 which 的提问nothing nothing 只指物，后面不能接 of 短语，用来回答 what 的提问no one/nobodyno one 和 nobody 只指人不指物，其后不接 of 短语，一般回答 who 的提问(湖北高考)Even if the answer seemed a little strange，nobody but I doubted it.尽管这个答案好像有点奇怪，但是除了我之外没人怀疑它的正确性。(2015四川高考)Niki is
11、always full of ideas，but none is useful to my knowledge.尼基点子总是很多，但是据我所知，没有一个是有用的。易错警示部分否定和全部否定(1)no one，none，nobody，nothing，not.any/either 以及“no名词”都表示全部否定；(2)all，both，everyone/everybody/everything 以及“every名词”与 not 连用时，表部分否定。3other，the other，others，the others，anotherthe otherthe other 指两个人或物中的“另一个” ，
12、常与 one 连用，构成“one.the other.”(一个；另一个)another单独使用，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个” ，代替单数可数名词。常与 one 连用，构成 one.another.泛指“一个另一个”others，the othersothers 泛指“其余的人或物” ，相当于“other可数名词复数” ，不能作定语，常构成 some.others.。the others 特指“其余的所有人或物” ，相当于“the other可数名词复数”(2015陕西高考)To warm himself，the sailor sat in front of the fire rub
13、bing one bare foot against the other.为了暖和自己，那个海员坐在火堆前，两只光脚丫互相蹭着。(福建高考)In some countries，people eat with chopsticks，while in others，knives and forks.5在一些国家，人们用筷子吃饭，而在另外一些国家，人们用刀叉吃饭。it 的用法先试做题组.单句语法填空1(2017湖南衡阳八中、永州四中联考)I was conscious all the time when I was flying through the air，and it seemed a lon
14、g time.2(2017安徽望江中学月考)He admitted that when it comes to repairing a computer，he had little knowledge of it. 【导学号：33220104】.单句改错Sometimes we may find difficult to follow the teacher and some slow learners may even give up learning English.在 find 后加 it再解读要点1指代前面所提到过的事情、事物、想法等，也可指代不清楚或没必要知道性别的说话对象。还指代时
15、间、地点、距离、天气、季节等。(北京高考)The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase it.由于当地政府的努力，大城市的就业率不断上升。易错警示替代词(it，that，one)的用法区别it 特指前面提到过的同一个人或物that替代上文出现的“the不可数名词或单数可数名词” ，表特指同类事物中的一个。其复数形式为 thoseone替代上文出现的“a/an单数可数名词” ，表泛指同类事物中的一个。其复数形式为
16、ones2.it 用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。(天津高考)It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.对学生来说非常清楚的是他们应该为他们的将来做好准备。6(山东高考)The two girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult to tell one from the other.这两个女孩长得很像，陌生人很难把她们区分开来。3含有 it 的常
17、考短语或句型：(1)It depends.视情况而定。Take it easy.别着急。believe it or not 信不信由你make it 成功，做到，约定时间as someone puts it 像某人所说的那样When it comes to.当涉及/谈到keep it in mind that.把铭记在心(2) Its (high) time that sb.should do/did sth.是某人该做某事的时候了。Its the first/second/.time that sb.have/has done sth.是某人第一次 /二次/次做某事。It is/has be
18、en.since.自从多久了。It will be/was.before.要过时间才It is/was时间点when.当时候，时间是(3)It is/was被强调部分that/who.技法点拨代词与语法填空 代词与短文改错1.人称、物主、反身代词词类：“成分”是关键(1)如果句中缺主语，则用人称代词的主格；(2)如果句中缺宾语或表语，则用人称代词的宾格；(3)如果句中缺定语，则用形容词性物主代词；(4)如果主语和宾语代表同一个人或物，宾语则用反身代词。1.分析句子成分，看句中主语或宾语是否有缺失或者多余。如果缺少主语，则需要添加人称代词主格、指示代词、不定代词或it；如果缺宾语，则可以添加人称
19、代词宾格；如果宾语和主语指同一个人或物，则应用反身代词。2不定代词类：“范围”要搞清(1)二者选其一用 either；都不选用 neither；都选用 both；(2)三者或以上的任何一个用 any；都不选用 none；都选用 all。2检查搭配，看名词前是否需要代词。如果名词前需要代词，则需添加形容词性物主代词。3通读全文，通过上下文的语境检查代词指代是否一致。73it 类：“指代”要辨明(1)如果指代上下文同一事物，用 it；(2)如果指代天气、时间、距离用 it；(3)如果作形式主语或形式宾语用 it。4根据句式结构，判断句子是否为 it 的特殊句式，it 作形式主语、形式宾语或在强调句
20、中。一些固定句式中 it 的用法也要注意。5对不定代词的考查主要集中在其指代范围，这就需要分析上下文意义，看代词是肯定还是否定，是指代两者还是三者或三者以上，从而确定不定代词的使用是否合适。二、介 词全国卷考情分析题型分类 典题试做 命题解读语法填空1.(2017全国卷)After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree in engineering or architecture.2(2016全国卷)Most of us are more
21、focused on our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.1.考查常用介词的基本用法；2固定搭配中的介词使用。短文改错1.(2017全国卷)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle onof the road.2(2017全国卷)When I look at this picture of myself，I realize how fast oftime flies.1.介词与名词、动词或形容词搭配不当；2介词的多余；3介词的缺失；4习惯搭
22、配中介词的错用。(对应学生用书第 183 页)8常考介词的用法先试做题组.单句语法填空1(2017北京高考)Many people who live along the coast make a living in fishing industry.2(2017河北武邑中学一调)Its of great urgency that we need to make the relative laws，with the rapid growth of online shopping.单句改错(2017皖南八校联考)It was almost at 10：30 pm.，when a family wh
23、o had attended the same wedding passed by in their car.去掉 at再解读要点1表示时间的介词介词 用法at表示时间的点，时刻等。at 6：00 oclock 在 6 点钟；at daybreak在黎明 on表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间或具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上(常有前置定语或后置定语修饰)。on Monday afternoon 在周一下午；on a rainy day morning 在一个雨天的上午in表示在某段较长的时间内。in the 20th century 在 20 世纪；in winter 在冬季；in Septemb
24、er 在 9 月；in the morning 在上午since时间点自从以来for时间段 长达during 在期间until/till 直到by 到为止；不迟于in/after时间段 在之后。 “in时间段”常与将来时连用；“after时间段”常与过去时连用before 在之前9over 在期间；直到结束(北京高考)Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour.Jane 很着急，因为去机场的火车半小时后出发。(安徽高考)In Britain，its not unusual to have
25、a business meeting over breakfast.在英国，早餐时间开商务会议并不稀奇。易错警示(1)当时间名词前有 this，that，last，next，every，each 等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。(2)“on/upon名词或动名词”结构可以表示“一就” 。2表示方位的介词介词 用法at 后常接相对较小的地方。in 后常接相对较大的地方或在某一个大的范围之内。on 表示“在上” 。(beneath)across 表示“从的表面穿过；在对面” 。through 表示“从的内部穿过” 。over 表示“从的上面跨过” 。(under)above指离开物体表面而在其上方，
26、但并不一定是垂直向上。还可指数目、数量、水平、年龄等“超过，多于，大于” 。(below)(陕西高考)The dog jumped over some bushes and saw the little scream.狗跳过几丛灌木看到小溪。(上海高考)The sunlight came in through the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.阳光透过天窗，照亮了整个房间。3表示方式的介词表示使用的工具、手段、材料时，with，by，in，on 都意为“用” 。with 多指用具体的工具、身体的某部位或器官；by 侧重指使用某种
27、方法、手段或乘坐某种交通工具；in 指使用某种语言、笔墨等；on 多用于固定词组中。by train 乘火车；on the radio 通过收音机；on TV 通过电视；with a pencil 用铅笔4表示“除之外”的介词(短语)10介词 用 法besides 意为“除之外(还有)” ，相当于 in addition to。 except 意为“除之外(别无)” ，可接名词、代词、介词短语和从句。but 意为“除之外”( except)。apart from 既可相当于 besides 或 in addition to，也可相当于 except for。other than 意为“除之外(
28、别无)” 。(福建高考)Apart from good service，the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.除了优质的服务外，这个饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。易错警示(1)but 常用于 nobody，none，no one，nothing，anything，everyone，all 之后。接不定式时，如果前有实义动词 do，则不定式中的 to 省略。(2)besides 还可作副词，意为“另外，而且” ，在句中常作插入语。5表示原因的介词(短语)for，because of，due to，t
29、hanks to，owing to，on account of，as a result of(浙江高考)The openair celebration has been put off because of the bad weather.因为天气不好，这次户外庆祝会被推迟了。(上海高考)Owing to bad weather，the flight was delayed for a couple of hours.由于天气恶劣，航班延误了好几个小时。易错警示 上述短语都可作状语，due to 还可作表语。 thanks to 表示“多亏，幸亏” ，多位于句首。6其他常考的介词介词 用法ag
30、ainst 违背，反对；倚靠；以为背景，衬托beyond (范围、限度)超出，为所不能及by 程度或增减的幅度；按计despite 尽管for(表示目的)为了；(表示对象或用途)给；因为；从来看；赞成，支持with 和在一起；和，跟；具有，带有；(表示伴随)随着within (范围、程度)在内11without 没有off (表示位置)在的外面；(表示方向)偏离；从离开(重庆高考)She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went off the road.她在转弯处开得如此快，以至于车差点偏离公路。(福建高考)Any driver f
31、ound drinking beyond the limit will be charged.任何司机如被发现饮酒超限都会被指控。常考介词短语及搭配先试做题组.单句语法填空(2017天津高考)We offer an excellent education to our students.In return，we expect students to work hard.单句改错1(2017江西南昌调研)Under his help，we have learned immediately how to analyze and settle problems.UnderWith2(2017甘肃重点
32、中学协作体联考)Because the help you gave me that summer，my life changed.Because 后加 of 【导学号：33220105】再解读要点高考中的语法填空和短文改错将更加注重对介词短语及搭配的考查，介词与名词、形容词与介词、动词与介词形式的搭配是高考考查的难点。常考介词短语及固定搭配有：1与名词的搭配at a time 每次，一次 at a loss 困惑，不知所措at first sight 乍一看 at table 在吃饭by mistake 错误地 by the way 顺便说in charge 主管，看管 in return 作
33、为回报in turn 依次，转而 in shape 健康状况良好in trouble 处于困境中 on purpose 故意地on holiday 在度假 in time 及时，迟早on time 准时 on average 平均in honour of 为了纪念 in place of 代替in memory of 为纪念 in addition to 除了12by hand 手工 on the contrary 相反地on account of 由于 on behalf of 代表approach to 的方法 visit to 到的访问for the sake of 为了 by mean
34、s of 借助reason for 的原因 (a) lack of 缺乏by accident/chance 偶然beyond ones reach 够不着in advance 在前头，事先，预先in the long run 从长远来看beyond description 无法形容out of breath/balance 上气不接下气/失去平衡to ones surprise/astonishment 令某人惊奇/吃惊的是under construction/consideration 在建设/考虑at the cost of 以为代价in support/favor of 支持，支援in
35、 terms/view of 鉴于，根据for the purpose of 为了目的for the benefit of 为了的利益on the way to 在去的路上on the basis of 以为基础2与动词的搭配answer for 对负责 apply for 申请call at 拜访(地点) refer to 谈到；涉及；查阅result from 由于 suffer from 遭受approve of 赞成 complain of 抱怨consist of 由组成 dream of 梦到think of 想起；考虑到 call on 拜访(某人)depend/rely on
36、依靠 result in/lead to 导致belong to 属于 date from/back to 追溯到keep/prevent/stop sb.from doing sth.阻止某人做protect.from 保护不受伤害succeed in 在方面成功133与形容词的搭配 be aware of 意识到 be proud of 以为荣be tired of 厌倦 be angry with sb.对生气be eager for 渴望 be absent from 缺席be ashamed of 对感到羞耻be sure of 对有信心；确信be familiar with sth
37、.熟悉be familiar to sb.为所熟悉be patient with 对有耐心be pleased/satisfied with 对满意be popular with sb.受欢迎be strict with sb.对严格be addicted to 对上瘾；沉溺于be available to 对可用；可供使用be beneficial to 对有益处be devoted to 致力于，献身于be similar to 与相似be confident in 对有信心be anxious about/for 忧虑，担心be crazy about 热衷；着迷be curious a
38、bout 对好奇be particular about 挑剔be suitable for/to 适合于4其他搭配far from 远非 once in a while 偶尔up to 达到；由决定 in spite of 尽管；虽然after all 毕竟，终究ahead of (时间，空间)在前面；领先5易错用的介词with the help of 在的帮助下under the leadership of 在的领导下the article in the newspaper 报纸上的文章14a hole in the wall 墙上的洞a bird in the tree 树上的鸟apple
39、s on the tree 树上的苹果tickets for the concert 音乐会的票in the direction of 朝着的方向set an example to sb.给某人树立榜样技法点拨介词与语法填空 介词与短文改错1.“是否宾语”作依据介词必须要接宾语，宾语通常由名词、代词、动名词或 what 从句充当。若空格后是名词、代词或动名词且它们在句中不作主语和动词的宾语，则要考虑填介词。1.熟练掌握介词的基本用法，即介词后用名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语或句子作宾语。解题时，观察句中是否有这一类词，以此确定所改词是否是介词；或句子中介词是否缺失或多余，以便添加或删除。2
40、“四种方法”来确定所填介词(1)根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系；(2)根据语境含义结合介词用法；(3)根据特殊的结构关系，如接复合宾语就只能用 with 或 without；(4)根据介词与动词等的搭配。2观察句中名词、动词、形容词等的前后的搭配，然后根据介词与它们的搭配来判断是否误用，还是多词或漏词，解题的关键是掌握一些固定搭配和固定短语。3检查副词前是否多加了介词。(对应学生用书第 186 页)核心考点针对练.单句语法填空1(2017陕西宝鸡九校联考)Equipped with modern facilities，todays hospitals are quite different fr
41、om those of the past.2(2017三门峡市考前适应性训练)She remembered how difficult it was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.3(2017浙江杭州质检二)Exams cannot measure everything a child has achieved，so we should let students know there is much more to them than their test scores.4(2017河北沧州质检)They do it
42、 because the platform allows their voice to be heard and constantly encourages them to improve themselves(they)155(2017丹东市总复习测试)When Monday came，she arrived at school in Colorado，only to be told that her new hair style was against the school rules.6(2017长春外国语学校模拟)Nowadays，with the development of tec
43、hnology，online shopping is becoming more and more convenient.7(2017广西桂林中学模拟)White fat stores extra energy，which results in weight gain.8Shed lived in London and Manchester，but she liked neither and moved to Cambridge.9Mary and her sister got into the water and helped pull the boat and its 20 people
44、on board to safety.10He sat down at an empty table and waited for someone to take his order.单句改错1(2017河北河南省级联考)The rest find their happiness in some activities like assisting of others and taking part in their favorite sports.去掉 of2(2017河南中原名校质检)By the contrary，the others regard exercise as an insep
45、arable part of the students daily life.ByOn3Global warming is having a great effect at hundreds of plant and animal species around the world，changing some living patterns.aton 【导学号：33220106】4(陕西高考)Id appreciate if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.在 if 前加 it5(2017云贵川百校联考)
46、But its difficult for me to decide what activities we should organize and how to plan it.itthem高考题型综合练.语法填空(2017湖北八校第一次联考)I have recently returned from 1 extended 26day trip to China.I made two earlier trips to China in 2012.On my previous visits my travel 2 (limit) to the three major cities of Beij
47、ing，Shanghai 16and Chongqing.This time I，together with my family，was able to visit some of the more remote cities and holiday destinations 3 (miss) on the previous trips and revisit Beijing and Shanghai to observe the great changes there in just four short years.The many contradictions and 4 (strugg
48、le) within China today are very impressive.No one can ignore the rich culture 5 (date) back to ancient times changing into the modern age at a speed and scale that has never been witnessed. 6 happens in China，the third 7 (large) country in the world with 20 percent of the worlds population，will 8 (certain) shape the immediate and distant futures of 9 (we) all.On this blog(博客) I will be posting a travel journal 10 photographs and drawings.Marked on the map are the cities and villages I visited while
