1、2005 PART B 7 57 5 500-600 5 5 7 7 5 5 10 5 2 1 2 A C E D B 3 4 5 7 5 F G500 600 7 8 - 500 600 - - - 7 5 5 2005 2006 2008 2009 2012 2 2010 2011 1 2007A C D B 4 5 1 2 - 10 - / / 2011 PART B E Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalized
2、 the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. has turned the acquisition of .G 41 42 E 43 44 452011 PART B D One reason why it is
3、 hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal- arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard un
4、dergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree .G 41 42 E 43 44 45 D 2011 PART BG 41 42 E 43 44 45 C Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simp
5、ly too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a deca
6、de of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.2011 PART BG 41 42 E 43 44 45 A No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr. Menand points out, became a lawyer in three y
7、ears and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees. A -C D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ( )10 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 Long before Man lived on
8、the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41 Very occasionally therocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can
9、 build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago : BNevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can telltheir sizeand shape, how they walked, the kind of food they a
10、te. : 42 Nearly all of the fossilsthat we know were preserved in rocks formedby water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting.: G Many factorscan influence how fossils a
11、re preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form. F When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and the
12、re get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved. : 43 There were alsocrablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The bo
13、dy segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.: CThefirst animals with true backbones wer
14、e the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. EThe earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex
15、, and among these are the sea- lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks. : 44 Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of
16、the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.: AThe shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known. Of these ( ) 44 Shell Shell: : D The BBC, for example, bann
17、ed rock and roll until 1962. : Rock n roll and all its variations, country & western music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in America as well, as being low-class, and then as a danger to our nation s youth. 45 And then the music became accepted and was exten
18、ded and was extended and developed, and exported back to the U.S.: 45 About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mamm
19、als though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings. CThe first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on
20、 land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years thesewere the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in th
21、e air. : 375 million years ago 300 million years ago 75 million years ago 2006 PART B Hevisited the casino, lost the $ and left. On his second visit helost $ . The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card“, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the
22、 casino to track the user s gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls “electronic heroin“. (41) _. In 1997 helost $ , to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 helost $ , . He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m
23、.2006 PART B In March 1998 a friend of Williams s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams s gambling problem Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to t
24、he casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being. (42) _ 2006 PART B The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: Enjoy the fun. and always bet with your head, not
25、over it. Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was helplessly addicted to gambling, intentionally worked to lure him to engage in conduct against his will. Well. (4
26、3) _.2006 PART B The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says pathological gambling involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall. (44) _. Pushed by science, or what claims to be s
27、cience, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities. 2006 PART B (45) _. Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -you might say addi
28、cted to -revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers dollars has become intense AAlthough no such evidence was presented, the casino s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used h
29、is Fun Card without being detected. BIt is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative? CBy the time hehad lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $ , , but he did not quit. DGambl
30、ing has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, EDavid Williams s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don t bet on it. FIt is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions
31、what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness. GThe anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?2009 PART B Coinciding
32、 with the groundbreaking theoryof biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencerargued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed
33、over time, advancing toward perfection. 41._. 2009 PART B American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of cul
34、ture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._.2009 PART B In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gav
35、e new direction to anthropology. 43._ . 2009 PART B Boasfelt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._.2009 PART B Historical particularism became a dominant
36、approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achieve
37、ment to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45._. 2009 PART B Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheimproposed that relig
38、ious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture known as functionalism became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.41 CharlesDarwin HerbertSpencer B In order to study particular cultures as
39、 completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy. 42 LewisHenry Morgan Tylor 43 FranzBoas 44 Boas mileDurkheim Nonetheless a world full of different languages will disappearif the present trend i
40、n many countries to use English to replace the national or official languages in education trade and even politics continues. 43 5 If the trend continues, .disappear5 A If this situationcontinues the native or official languages of these countries will certainly die within two or three generations.
41、This phenomenon has been called linguistic genocide. A language dies if it is not fully used in most activities particularly as a medium of instruction in schools. Ifthissituationcontinues, die If the trend continues, .disappear 5 All the greatest countries of the world are great because they consta
42、ntly use their own languages in all national development activities including education. From a psychological point of view those who are taught in their own language from the start will develop better self-confidence and self-reliance. From a linguistic point of view the best brains can only be pro
43、duced if students are educated in their own language from the start. 45 From a psychological point of view, from the start From a linguistic point of view from the start 45 B Those who are taught in a foreign language from the start will tend to be imitators and lack self- confidence. They will tend
44、 to rely on foreign consultants.Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try
45、 to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs. 2005 45 45 B: Or they could read Mr.Kirby s report: The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies. 2005 452005 45 45 th
46、eyshouldread: Anationaldrugagency pharmaceuticalcompanies constraincost B theycouldread: suchanagency negotiatethe lowestpossiblepurchaseprices drugcompanies 41 They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. 6 41 They6 C If the housewife wantsall of thes
47、e the economists say that is her privilege but she must be prepared to pay for the services of those who make her work easier. Economists remind us that many modern housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time a
48、nd energy for cooking after a day s work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family s table easily and quickly. 45_ PART B C Will such variations bring about a change in overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. E Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined -France, Germany, Italy and Spain -are made out of the same building blocks. Demand mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores . 7 F Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do
