1、英国补充部分第一章Land and People英国的国土与人民 II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征 1.Geographical position of Britain:英国的地理位置：Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the s
2、outh and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。 2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,34
3、3m).本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔 1,343米。Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km).塞文河是英国最长的河流。全长 338公里。Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km).泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也是英国最重要的河。全长 336公里。Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 squ
4、are kilometres).讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。面积为 396平方公里。River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点，海拔 1,085米。IV. Climate 气候 1. Britains favorable climate 英国有利的气候条件：Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too co
5、ld and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range. 英国属于海洋性气候：冬季不过于寒冷，夏季不过于炎热。全年有稳定可靠的降雨量，气温变化幅度小。 2.The factors influence the climate in Britain:影响英国气候的因素：1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal diff
6、erences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;环绕四周的海水。冬天，海水可使岛内气温升高，夏天则使气温降低，从而起到平衡季节温差的作用；2)The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;一年四季盛行的西南风和西风在冬季从大
7、西洋带来温暖、潮湿的空气，使气温适宜；3）The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.北大西洋暖流经不列颠群岛西海岸，使气候变暖。 3.Rainfall 降雨量： Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the
8、north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east.英国全年降雨量稳定，平均降雨量超过 1000毫米。 英国北部、西部雨量过多，但是南部、东部有所缺乏。 V. The People 人口 1.population distribution 人口分布： Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. The p
9、opulation of Britain is made up mainly of the English (81.5%), the Scottish (9.6%), the Welsh (1.9%), the Irish (2.4%), the Northern Irish (1.8%) and other peoples (2.8%).英国人口约 570万，分布极不均匀，90%是城市人口，只有 10%是农村人口。英国人口组成为：英格兰人（81.5%） ，苏格兰人（9.6%） ，威尔士人（1.9%） ，爱尔兰人、北爱尔兰人和其他民族居民。 2.The difference between t
10、he ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish:英伦三岛民族的祖先：The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts. 英格兰人祖先属于盎格鲁-萨克逊人，而苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人。 3.The difference in character个性差别：The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are pro
11、ud of their past.威尔士人感情丰富，情绪高涨，热爱音乐，为过去感到自豪。The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly.苏格兰人通常被认为严肃、谨慎而且节俭，但是他们同样也热情、大方且友好。The Irish are charm and vivacity. 爱尔兰人充满魅力，生性活泼。 4.The difference in speech between southern England and
12、 northern England:英格兰南方人和北方人语言上的差别：Southerners speak the type of English close to BBC English; In northern England, regional speech is usually “broader“ than that of southern England. 南方人讲的英语接近 BBC，北英格兰人的发音通常要比南英格兰人宽。 5.The Welsh keep their language and culture in this way: 威尔士人以这样的方式使他们的语言及文化保持活力。T
13、hroughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau. The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art.一年中他们有称之为“艺术年会“的唱歌、跳舞、诗歌节。一年中最重要的节日是全国诗歌音乐比赛会。在那里会举行威尔士诗歌、音乐、唱歌和艺术比赛。 6.Th
14、e main problem in Northern Ireland: 北爱尔兰存在的主要问题：The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. 作为统治者的新教徒和要求更多社会、政治及经济权利的罗马天主教徒之间的斗争。 7.Immigrants: 移民：About three million have come to Britain to
15、 live and find work since World War II.自从二战以来约有三百万人来英国生活、工作。第二章The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)英国的起源（公元前 5000年-1066 年） I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）早期的居民（公元前 5000年-公元前 55年） 1The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。2 At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from
16、the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.约公元前 2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽口陶器人。3 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前 700年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。4 The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第一次高潮是约公元前 600年盖尔人的来临。The second wave were
17、the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第二次高潮是约公元前 400年布立吞（不列颠）人的抵达。The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前 150年比利其人的到达。 II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)罗马人统治时期的英国（公元前 55年-410 年） 1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invad
18、ed Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation. 有记录的英国历史开始于罗马人的入侵。公元前 55年和 54年，罗马将军朱略斯凯撒两次入侵英国，均未成功。直到公元 43年，克劳锹才成功占领不列颠。将近四百年里，英国人处于罗马人的占领下，但这并非是完全的占领。 2. Romans infl
19、uence on Britain.The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britains natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.罗马人修建了许多城镇网，道路，澡堂，庙宇和其他建筑物。他们还很好地利用了英国的自然资源。罗马人还把基督教这门新宗教带到不列颠。 3.Reasons for limited Roman influence on Bri
20、tain.罗马对不列颠的影响有限的原因。First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.首先，罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶段的属民来对待。其次，在四世纪对罗马人和不列颠人通婚。最
21、后，罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。 Summary: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The Anglos-Saxons invasion; The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman Conquest.(简
22、要：这是第二章“国家的起源“的第二部分。在这一部分里，主要是介绍了英国从公元446年到 1066年所发生的重要事件及人物。这些重要事件分别是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的入侵，北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵及诺曼征服)。 I 第三章The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)英国的形成（公元 1066-1381） I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)诺曼统治（公元 1066-1381） 1. Williams Rule （1066-1087）2. King Henry II and his reforms亨利二世国王和他的改革The ways King Henry I
23、I consolidate the monarchy.亨利二世巩固君主制的途径。Henry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England; recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king Stephen; demolished many castles built in Stephens time; strengthened and widened the powers o
24、f his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia composed of English freemen.亨利二世采取了一些措施巩固君主制。他迫使弗兰德斯雇佣军离开英国，收回史蒂芬森赠出皇室土地；拆除几十座史蒂芬森时造德城堡，加强并扩大了他的行政长官们的权力，依靠由英国自由民组成的民兵获取军事支持。 The ways Henry II reform the courts and the law.亨利二世对法院及法律进行改革的方式。King Henry II greatly strengthened the Court and
25、extended its judicial work. He divided the whole country into six circuits and appointed justices to each. Cases were therefore heard before the intermittent justices who applied the law impartially. During his reign, a common law was gradually established in place of the previous laws of the local
26、barons. He also introduced a new jury system to replace the old ordeal-based trial system. Besides, he shifted the trial of clergymen charged with criminal offenses from the Bishops court to the Kings court.亨利二世大大加强了王家法院，扩展了其司法工作的职权范围。他将全国分为六个审制区。案件更多地由巡回法官审理，并不偏不倚地使用法律。在他统治时期，逐渐建立起超越地方领主法律的普遍法。另外，他
27、用陪审员制度代替了旧的残酷的审判制度。他坚持被控犯有刑事罪的神职人员应由国王法庭审判，而不由主教法庭审判。 IIContents and the significance of the Great Charter大宪章的内容及意义V. The Black Death黑死病VI. The Peasant Uprising of 1381 and its significance1381年农民起义及其意义Armed villagers and townsmen of Kent and Essex, led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, moved on London i
28、n June, 1381. The king was forced to accept their demands. Most of the rebels dispersed and went home, while Tyler and other leaders stayed on for more rights. Tyler was killed at a meeting with the king.The uprising was brutally suppressed, but it had far-reaching significance in English history. F
29、irst, it directed against the rich clergy, lawyers and the landowners. Second, it dealt a telling blow to villeinage, and third, a new class of yeomen farmers emerged, paving the way to the development of capitalism.1381年 6月，在瓦特 泰勒和杰克 斯特劳领导下，凯特郡和埃塞克斯郡的农民和市民武装起来发动起义，并向伦敦进发。国王被迫接受了他们的要求。大多数起义农民解散回家，但泰
30、勒和其他坚决的农民留下来要求得到更多的法律、宗教和政治权利。泰勒在又一次与国王的会见中被杀死。尽管起义被血腥镇压，但在英国历史上留下了深远的影响。这次起义具有真实的社会性，把矛头直接对准了富有的教职人员、律师和地主。这次起义沉重打击了封建农奴制度，产生了全新的自耕农阶级，为资本主义发展铺设了道路。Chapter 4第四章Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)向现代英国的过渡 IV. The English Renaissance英国文艺复兴VI. The Civil Wars and their consequencesThe Gunpowder Pl
31、ot of 16051605年The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result w
32、as the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5, when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged.1605年的火药阴谋案是最著名的天主教阴谋。1605 年 11月 5日，几个狂热的天主教徒企图在议会大厦炸死国王和大臣，盖伊福克斯已
33、在地窖放了炸药桶。结果是福克斯和同伙被立即处死，以及更严厉的反天主教法律的颁发。长斯结果是每年 11月 5日举行庆祝仪式，点燃火堆焚烧盖伊模拟像并燃放烟火。 第五章The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)大英帝国的兴衰 I. Trade Unions and the Labour Party工会和工党1. The Trade Union Act of 1871 legalized the trade unions and gave financial security.1871年通过的工会法使工会合法化并给其财政保障。2. The
34、Labor Party had its origin in the Independent Labor Party(ILP), which was formed in January, 1893. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small socialist societies set up the Labor Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to the Labor Party for the general
35、 election called for in 1906.工党起源于独立工党，于 1893年 1月成立。1900 年，工会代表，独立工党和许多小型社会主义社团一起成立了工人代表委员会。1906 年的大选迫使工人代表委员会及时更名为工党。 II. Colonial Expansion殖民扩张Chapter 6 第六章 The Economy 英国经济 I. The Evolution of the British Economy since the War The evolution of the British economy since WWII falls into three perio
36、ds:二战后英国经济发展可分为三个阶段：(1) Steady development in the 50s and 60s: The British economy in this period is characterized by slow but steady growth, low unemployment and great material prosperity with rising standards of consumption.（1）战后 50-60年代平稳发展时期。其主要特点是经济缓慢而持续增长，失业率低，物质丰富，人民消费水平不断增长。(2) Economic rece
37、ssion in the 70s: In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the lowest growth rate and the highest inflation rate, and the high record of trade deficits. （2）70 年代经济滞胀。在 70年代，英国在所有的发达资本主义国家中，始终保持最低经济增长率，最高的通货膨胀率，和最高的贸易赤字纪录。(3) Economic recovery in the 80s: An outstanding feature
38、of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, lasting seven years. Another was the improved financial position of the government, with stronger current account of the balance of payments.（3）80 年代经济复苏。一个显著特点是时间长，复苏持续了 7年。另一个特点是国际收支大大盈余，政府金融地位最高。Measures taken by Mrs. Thatchers government to imp
39、rove the economyMrs. Thatchers government took numerous measures to improve the efficiency of the economy during the past decade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies.撒切尔政府运用宏观经济政策和微观经济政策，采取许多措施提高经济效益。(1) Macroeconomic measures were directed towards bringing down the rate of inflation
40、 and achieving price stability.宏观经济政策直接针对降低通货膨胀率和维持物价稳定。(2) Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the grain of market forces by encouraging enterprise, efficiency and flexibility.微观经济政策旨在通过鼓励实业，效率和灵活性共同努力提高市场竞争力。Reasons for the British coal mining is called a “sick“ industry today. Reaso
41、ns for the British coal mining is called a “sick“ industry today.英国煤矿被称为“生病“工业的原因。Today the coal industry in Britain is on the decline，the number of miners, collieries and the total output have been falling.如今的英国煤矿业衰退，从而导致矿工、煤矿的数量和总产量都大大下降。The reasons for the decline are as follows: exhaustion of ol
42、d mines, costly operations of extraction, poor old equipment, little investment, fall in demand due to imports of cleaner, cheaper and more efficient fuels, etc.煤工业衰退的原因包括：老煤矿的枯竭，昂贵的提炼费用，破旧的设备，极少的投资，由于进口更干净、更便宜、更高效的燃料导致的需求下降等等。Britains oil and natural gas英国的石油和天然气Natural gas was discovered in 1965 a
43、nd oil in 1970 under the North Sea. Today Britain is not only self-sufficient in oil but also has a surplus for export. The transport and domestic heating systems mostly depend on oil. So does the food supply, because most agriculture is highly mechanized. Modern farming requires things which are al
44、l oil-based.在 1965年及 1970年在北海发现天然气和石油。今天英国的石油不仅能自给自足，还有盈余供出口。交通和家庭供热系统主要依靠石油，因为大部分农业的高度机械化，食品供应也靠石油。Main problems associated with Britains iron and steel industry today.如今英国钢铁工业的主要问题。British iron and steel industry is declining for the following reasons: 英国钢铁工业衰退的原因如下：1. Local supplies of iron ore h
45、ave become exhausted;当地贮备枯竭；2. Old fashioned furnaces for making coke cannot recover valuable by-products;他们生产焦炭的老式炉不能提取有价值的副产品，3. Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling mills are often separated from each other and thus cannot perform as well as more compact operation;高炉、钢铁厂和轧钢厂经常分开，导致不如更紧凑的企业出效益；
46、4. Many steelworks have to be closed down, causing major unemployment in an area.许多钢铁厂倒闭，导致该地区的大批人失业。 The main textile producing regions of Britain are the East Midlands, Yorkshire, Humberside, and Northern Ireland.New IndustriesNew industries include microprocessors and computers, biotechnology and
47、 other high-tech industries. There are three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth: (1).the area between London and South Wales, (2).the Cambridge area of East Anglia and (3).the area between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland. The third area is the most spectacular of the
48、 three and is now often referred to as the “Silicon Glen“. By the end of 1985 half of Britains microchip output was estimated to have come from Scotland.英国主要纺织基地是现在的中东部，约克郡和汉伯塞德郡及北爱尔兰。The reasons behind the decline of Britains textile industry are:英国纺织业的衰退原因如下：(1) Exports of textiles have not compet
49、ed well with those of other foreign producers who have managed to produce cheaper goods.纺织品出口不能很好地与设法生产出更便宜商品的国外产家竞争。(2) There has been a rise in cheaper imports of textiles to Britain from foreign producers.英国增加了从外国产家进口更廉价纺织品。(3) Poor and outdated management decisions have caused problem.薄弱及过时的管理决策导致许多问题。(4) Substitutions of human-made fibres have been made for natural fibres.人造纤维代替品已取代了天然纤维。(5) An improvement of output per worker has been achieved, due to mechanization.由于机械化，每个工人的生产量有了提高。 第七章Government and Administration英国政府机构 下议院（平民院）由成人普选产生，由 651名议员组成。下议院拥有最终立法权。 5.B
