1、45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 1 -新托福阅读讲义杜昶旭一. 准备知识1.iBT 托福阅读理解的形式特点45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 2 -(1) 文章数量:3-5 篇(和听力相对应:3 篇阅读,9 个听力段子或 5 篇阅读,6 个听力段子)(2) 文章 长 度:650-750 词/篇(3) 题目数量:12-14 个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为 6 选 3,7 选 5 或 9选 7)(4) 测试时间:20 分钟 /篇(5) 测试 分数 :0-30 分(由原始分 42 分换算到标准分 30 分)2.i
2、BT 托福阅读的考察重点(1) 主题 :辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分; 辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题)(2) 细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪- TRUE? FALSE? NOT GIVEN?General statement ideas Some details (3) 词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断(4) 推断 :根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息(5) 态 度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY 目的;HOW 手段.(6) 结 构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构托福阅读是以句子为核心的3
3、.阅读的本质:(1) 获 取有效信息45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 3 -(2) 消除 阅读 障碍4.文章结构特点(1) 文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体. 结构主体(支撑): 主 题段(文章的前几段)和主题句( 每段的前几句). 细节主体(填充)(2) 文章具体结构如下: Intro: background(细节) 一律记录为数字 人名地名专有名词:使用首字母标记 举例主体 新概念和核心概念 重要的逻辑关系(3) 快速笔记的简单符号体系(4)快速笔 记 的重要性和必要性-阅读中的指导性逻辑45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c355
4、8f.pdf - 4 -(PREDICTING)(5) 好笔 记 的特点: 笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络 根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述6.阅读和口语的关系: (1) 规 范口 语的逻辑(2) 提供口语表达的素材二.阅读方法1.精读- 句子 结构分析和解析方法(1) 句子 阅读 中的障碍1) 定 语 前置定语: adj+n 后置定语:n+ adj phrase 形容词短语: a book useful for youprep phrase 介词短语: a pen on the deskv-ing/-ed phrase 分词短语: a person walking on the road; a too
5、l developed for the project 不定式: a way to solve the problem注: 分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词 不定代词只能用后置定语修饰45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 5 - 不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方: sb use the way to solve the problem 定语从句: 关系代词引导定语从句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that, which, who, whom 引导的是非完整句, whose 引导的是完整句) 关系连词
6、: when, where, why 在句子中不作成分 , 引导的是完整句 介词+关系代 词: in which, 此关系代词不包括 what2) 同位 语: 同插入语一样处理-删除 A, B( 定语从句/同位语从句) A, or B A that + 句子( 完整句 ) A of B: the city of Beijing3) 状 语: 处理方式-隔离 Adv 副词 Prep phrase 介词短语 分词短语 不定式注: 非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语4) 并列 结构 并列连词的用法: 并列连词连接结构功能性质均相同的成分-45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c35
7、58f.pdf - 6 -必须完全对等5) that 引导的各种从句 S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)-宾语从句S+系动词+表语+句子-表语从句 It + Vi + that +句子It + be + adj +that +句子 完整句That +句子 + VN+ that +句子 + 同位语(完整句)定语从句(非完整句) S + Vi + that+ 句子 : The sun rises that is bright.S + be + adj + that + 句子: The desk is clean that is used by the student(定语 从句); The fact
8、 is true that Tom is handsome(同位语从句).(2) 复 杂句的 阅读方法-层次化句子阅读法1) 括号匹配 关联词 (完整句) (关联词+ 非完整句)2) 化右括号的条件: 句子终结 连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例 1: However, for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously)and that 45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf -
9、7 -(stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)例 2: It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution).例 3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the stud
10、y of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位语,删除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (food contained constit
11、uents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).例 4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位语), was able to maintain a steady position on the
12、 oceans surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.例 5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacularly).例 6: The technique of direct carving was a brea
13、k with the nineteenth century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).例 7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually 45f763f8cb441577c00
14、d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 8 -not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often much heavier)独立主格结构.例 8: The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790s), North American enterpreneurs-even without the technolo
15、gical improvement-had broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process)例 9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers i
16、n the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century)例 10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位语) introduced Eur
17、opean art traditions to those colonistsprivileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.P.S. : 独立主格1. with + adj + 句子V-ing/v-edPrep phraseInf(不定式)ad
18、v2. 不能单独成句3. 通常作伴随方式状语4. 核心名词是所发出动作或所承受状态主体.例:Tom lay on the ground, with his eyes looking at the sky.Tom get into the class, with his nose red.ATM: Transaction being processed, please wait.45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 9 -(2) 倒装句的阅读方法1) 部分倒装处理方法: 把提前的助动词/be 动词/ 情态动词去掉或还原,并按顺序理解.2) 完全倒装的处理方
19、法 构成主语的成分:名词代词The +形容词不定式主语从句动名词45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 10 - 完全倒装的判断流程P.S. : 比较 句1. 三要素: 比较主体, 比较点, 比较结果2. 分类: 静态: 状态动态: 动作3. 动态比较句的形式:(1) S + Vi + adv 的比较级+ than +例: I run faster than Tom.Tom does.does Tom.(唯一正确的书面用法，上两个用在口语中也可)（）S+ Vt + O+ adv 比较级than例： I love you more than Tom. Tom
20、 does.does Tom.( 唯一正确的书面用法，上两个用在口语中也可)（）S + Vt + adj 比较级 O + than + 例：I raise more pigs than TomTom doesdoes Tom. ( 唯一正确的书面用法，上两个用在口语中也可)45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 11 -阅读和写作的关系：为写作提供原始模仿素材，并且是抽象结构Basic to any understanding of the disadvantages of building a large factory near a community
21、 is _.45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 12 -例 1: Herein (adv) lay(宾语) the beginning of what ultimately(最终) turned from ignorance(无知 ) to denial of the value of nutrition therapies in medicine(主语).例 2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals(主语), sometimes easily recognizable as
22、 such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例 3: With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom( that followed it)独立主格, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predec
23、essors during the Depression. 没有倒装例 4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War(宾语) is the countrys impressive population growth(主语).句子结构: adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B例 5: Among the species of seabirds (that use the windswept cliff of the Atlanti
24、c coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets(主语).句子结构: Among A + be + B = B 是 A 的一部分例 6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: (that the medium has certain qualities of beauty a
25、nd expressiveness with which (sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony).例 7: Most important perhaps, was that (they had all maintained with a 45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 13 -certain fidelity(状语) a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of Amer
26、icas first popular landscapes artist, Thomas Cole, (who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bording the Hudson River).句型结构: S + Vt + prep + n1 (介词短语)+ n2, Vt 的宾语实际上是n2.例 8: With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration(独立主格), su
27、ch as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(主语).例 9: Accustomed though we are to(倒装) speaking of the films made before 1927 as slient, the film has never been seen, in the full sense of the word, silent.句型结
28、构: adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 仅发生在让步状语从句中.例 10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem(同位语), to th
29、e health of the Earth and human well-being(主语).句型结构: the importance of A to B = A 对 B 的重要性例 11: Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic 45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 14 -migration(主语), from town
30、and farm to city, within the United States.例 12: Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虚拟条件句 if it had not been) , they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.(4) 强调 句的 阅读方法 构成：It + be + 强调成分that/ who+ 其他成分 注意：把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整正确的就是强调句强调句不强调形容词和代词例 1: It was just a d
31、ecade before this (强调句)that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions.例 2: It was she, a Baltimore p
32、rinter, (强调句)who published the first office copies of the Declaraton, the first copie (that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies).例 3: It was in the cities(强调句) that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared-th
33、e use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools).2. 泛读-快速阅读与有效 阅读45f7
34、63f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 15 -(1) 阅读 中的 详略结合-SKIMMING1) 需要 详细阅读的内容 结构主体的内容 非举例性质的概括描述 题目映射回原文的内容2) 可以快速浏览的内容 大量的数据堆砌 明显的举例: 为何而举,举例主体,结束位置 对比类比读一半 让步转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)(2) 理解 单 位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建-模糊理解理论1) 阅读 中的恶习- 指读声读回读视角高度 过低 二次阅读2) 理解 单位和阅读逻辑 加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合-焦点训练法 可以合并为意群的成分: 副词 介词短语 分词短语 非谓语的不定式
35、主语和谓语或谓语和宾语 固定搭配例: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms 45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 16 -must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surfa
36、ce for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean i
37、s typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even har
38、d parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the
39、 land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion. 构建阅读逻辑, 变翻译为整体理解-强调一遍阅读法45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 17 -(3) 文章的类型和题材1) 文章 类型: :参见 OG 第 19 页 顺承式: 时间及时间发展线索.(线型结构) 分类式: 分类方式及类别特征. (树型结构) 问题解决式现象解释式: 解决方案解释 及最终结论.(伞型结构)2) 题 材分类
40、 自然科学a. 生物学 植物学: 植物的分类和特征 动物学: 动物的分类和行为.鸟类群体昆虫海洋生物 微生物学: 真菌(蘑菇真菌的顽固)b. 地理地质学 地形地貌特征: 成因分布气候生态影响 地质事件: 成因或原理过程影响c. 天文学 具体的星体特征: 基本特征(形状距离轨道 旋转温度 质量); 大气层(氢气氦气氨气甲烷); 表面特征; 水和生命形式; 人的探索 天文学事件: 成因过程影响精读: 消除阅读障碍的阅读方式确保阅读的正确性对泛读: 快速有效阅读/广泛阅读获取有效信息快/广45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 18 -d. 考古学 古生物: 恐
41、龙( 灭绝), 鸟类( 进化史pterosaurarchaeopteryxmodern birds) 古代遗址遗迹: 中国的古代遗迹e.气象学 灾害性天气: 成因过程危害预防 天气预报: 卫星计算机技术f. 新技术和新事物 发展史 特征及应用 人文科学a. 美国历史 土人: 生活宗教艺术 都市化过程: 人口增长城市扩张交通发 展 经济繁荣b. 历史学和人类学 原始人生活变迁: 游牧到定居(农业) 古代文明c. 文学 流派: 产生思想代表 作家: 生平作品d. 绘画和雕塑45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 19 - 流派 类型:城市艺术 画家e. 音乐
42、类型: country, ragtime 乐器f.心理学: 人类情感分析三. 新托福阅读题型解析1. 词汇题(Vocabulary Question)(1) 词汇题简介和提问方式: 参见 OG 第 25 页(2) 词汇题的解答方法 认识：直接解题，沾边就对。 不认识： 推断： 从词的本身上下文：因果 对比解 释代入验证猜2. 指代题(Reference Question)(1) 指代 题简 介和提问方式: 参见 OG 第 2627 页(2) 指代 题 的解答方法45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 20 - 代词a. 从句的主 语指代主 语的主宾语(使用
43、属性判断,不用含义)b. 关系代词指代先行词(插入结构不影响指代关系)c. 重复概念指代 : Tom and his cat(就近原则)d. some of otherssome + n + of + n, others 指名词some + v, some others 共指之前概念 名词: a. 优先选择题 干的上下意 词a is a kind of A, A 是 a 的上意词b. 若上下意词不唯一则当作代词指代处理注意: a.被指代对象往往在代词之前出现b. 从句开头 往后找答案c. 代词和被指代 对象的数性和性 质必须一致d. 指代的传递现 象Jupiters and other gia
44、nt planet are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane.The word they in the passage refers to(A) nuclear reactions(B) giant planets(C) terrestrial(D) substances45f763f8cb441577c00d7
45、ff492c3558f.pdf - 21 -If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effect
46、ive deterrents to insects that feed on plants.The word which in the passage refers to (A) tissues(B) substances(C) barriers(D) alkaloidsAciculturists, people who raise birs for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to l
47、ook for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.The word They in the passage refers to (A) birds(B) avicuturists(C) eggs (D) ratesWhat is particularly meaningful to anthropology is the realization that although the material available to a society may to some extend
48、 limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done.The word it in the passage refers to (A) realization(B) society(C) extent(D) influenceSome of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with The word others in the passage refers
49、 to 45f763f8cb441577c00d7ff492c3558f.pdf - 22 -featers that made the baskets surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds.(A) masters (B) baskets(C) pendants (D) surfacesEncouraged by the example of certain Americans of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks, who had included persons of African desc
