1、English Grammar Sentence,英语句子种类与类型,I.五种基本句型 句子成分II、句子种类（按交际用途分） 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、 THERE-BE存在句III、句子类型（按句子结构分） 简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句,提 纲,句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词
2、、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）,（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep
3、the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.,（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）Th
4、e speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）,（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I think（that）he is fit for
5、his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.,（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their bo
6、at white.（形容词）,（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the c
7、lassroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）,（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the roo
8、m making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）,状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs i
9、nto the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）,练习指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：The
10、students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!,主语,定语,间接宾语,复合谓语,时间状语,定语,5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing
11、. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight.,伴随状语,时间状语,定语,表语,宾语,地点状语,系表结构作谓语,主语,I . 五种基本句型1、主语+谓语（不及物动词）：e.g. We work.2、主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语： e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.3、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.4、主语+谓语（及物动词）+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）： e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主语+谓语（及物动词）+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）： e.g.
12、Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。,主要动词: 连系动词, 行为动词 1) 连系动词be (am is are was were) / seem / keep是/好象(似乎)是/保持look / feel / taste / smell / sound 看/感觉/尝/闻/听起来(上去)become / turn / get / grow 变得,2) 行为动词不及物动词 laugh / smile / look / listen及物动词 see / hear / drank / eat,及物动词是后面可以直接跟宾语的动词:
13、 see / hear / drank / eat / I saw him last week.We heard the bad news yesterday.They eat bread every day.He drank a glass of milk just now.,什么是及物动词和不及物动词呢?!,不及物动词是后面不可以直接跟宾语的动词: laugh / smile / look / listen / She smiled happily.They laughed loudly. 如果要加宾语,就要靠一个介词来帮助:She look at the blackboard caref
14、ully.He listened to his teacher in class.They laughed at us after the match.,辅助动词 : 助动词, 情态动词1) 助动词: be (am / is /are / was / were) do / does / did have / has / had will / shall / be going to2)情态动词 can / may / must / shall / need could / should / would / might have (has) to / had better,The worker r
15、an fast.,The boy is fishing.,The girl dances well.,The duck is swimming.,The woman walks slowly.,1、主谓结构（SV） =主语+谓语动词（不及物动词）,He likes basketball game.,He plays computer games every day.,He played soccer yesterday.,He is playing the guitar now.,2、主谓宾结构（SVO） =主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语,有些词既是及物动词又是不及物动词，那就要看意思上的区别了
16、：,他们放风筝。They fly the kites.,风筝在天上飞。The kites fly in the sky.,3、主系表结构（SVP） =主语+连系动词+表语,Mr. Li is a good teacher.,The movie is interesting/wonderful.,He feels hungry.,The flower looks beautiful.,He gave me a present.,She teaches us. She teaches English. She teaches us English.,She told me a story.,4、主
17、谓双宾结构（SVOiOd）=主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语,可以用于这种句式的动词主要有 (A) buy / build / catch / cut choose / cook / find / get / keep / make / draw / doHe bought me a new bike.也可以改为for sb. 的句式 He bought a new bike for me.,(B) give / take / send / bring / teach / show / tell / pay / write / read / sell / lend / pass /
18、return / throw / offer / handShe lent me a book.也可以改为 to sb. 的句式 She lent a book to me.,5、主谓宾宾补结构（SVOC）=主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语的补足语,He told me to clean my room.,I saw her dancing.,Our teacher asks us to read English every day.,可以用于这种句式的动词主要有,1、let / make sb. do sth.,2、ask / tell / want / allow / wish / ge
19、t / expect / encourage / invite / teach sb. to do sth.,3、find / see / hear / watch / notice / feel sb. do sth. sb. doing sth.,4、help sb. (to) do sth.,hope和welcome 比较特殊我们可以说:I hope to visit your school. I hope that you can visit our school. I wish you to visit our school. Welcome to visit our school.
20、 You are welcome to visit our school. Welcome to our school.但不可以说：I hope / welcome you to visit our school.,1 主系表型 She is a very good girl . (_语) (_词) (_语) The girl is very good. (_语) (_词) (_语),原来也蛮简单的哦!我来分析一下这些句子中所包含的成分,2 主谓型_式: They laughed. (_语) (_词) The kites fly in the sky.(_语) (_词)_式: I bought
21、 a new bike. (_语) (_词) (_语) He plays volleyball. (_语) (_词) (_语),_式: She told me a story. (_语) (_词)(_语) (_语) He gave me a good book.(_语) ( _词) (_语) (_语)_式 He asked me to help him. (_语) (_词) (_语) (_语) He made me happy. (_语) (_词) (_语) (_语),1 主系表型 She is a very good girl . (主语) (连系动词) (表语) The girl is v
22、ery good. (主语) (连系动词) (表语)2 主谓型主谓式: They laughed. The kites fly in the sky. (主语) (谓语动词) (主语) (谓语动词) 主谓宾式: I bought a new bike. He plays volleyball. (主语) (谓语动词) (宾语) (主语) (谓语动词) (宾语)主谓宾宾式: She told me a story. He gave me a good book.(主语) (谓语动词) (宾语) (宾语) (主语) (谓语动词) (宾语) (宾语)主谓宾宾补式 He asked me to hel
23、p him. He made me happy.(主语) (谓语动词) (宾语) (宾语补足语) (主语) (谓语动词) (宾语) (宾语补足语),keys,The boy is asleep.,The boy is sleeping.,主谓宾,主谓,The boy is playing the guitar.,His music is very beautiful.,It is beautiful music.,主系表,He is playing happily.,判断这些句子的类型并理解be动词的双重身份（连系动词助动词）,主谓结构 （ 主语 不及物动词 ）1你应当努力学习。You sho
24、uld study hard. 2她昨天回家很晚。 She went home very late yesterday evening.,主谓宾结构 （主语 及物动词 宾语 ）1昨晚我写了一封信。I wrote a letter last night. 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。 I want to talk with you this afternoon.,主系表结构 （主语 系动词表语 ）1我的兄弟都是大学生。 My brothers are all college students. 2冬季白天短，夜晚长。 In winter, the days are short and the nig
25、hts are long.,双宾语结构 （主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 ）1 Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 Grandma told me an interesting story last night.,复合宾语结构 （主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 ）1我们叫她Alice. We call her Alice. 2他的父母给他取名为John. His parents named him John.,II、句子种类（按交际用途分） 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、TH
26、ERE-BE存在句,1、陈述句 说明一个事实或陈述一个看法，有肯定式和否定式，语序是主语在前，位于在后。 She arrived early. She cannot have arrived now.注：1）半否定句I hardly know anything about it. 2）部分否定句与全否定句I dont like both the films.I like neither Cathy nor Mary. 3)否定转移I dont think it will be very cold today. (believe, expect, suppose, imagine),I、句子种类
27、,2、疑问句 有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。,I、句子种类,1）一般疑问句 用来询问一件事，答案通常是yes或 no，注意语序。Have you anything to say?Did someone phone me last night? Cant you understand it? Isnt it a beautiful lake? -Havent you been to the UK? -No, I havent.,2）特殊疑问句 疑问词有who,whose,what,which,where,when,why,how等。,I、句子种类,（1）陈述语序Who was
28、 the first man in space?（2）倒装语序Who are you talking about?,注：A、简略式 Why not go alone? Why get so angry? How/What about taking a rest? B、复杂特殊疑问句 What do you think he has done?,I、句子种类,3）选择疑问句(1)以一般疑问句为基础Is he a teacher or a doctor or a policeman?Shall I help you or can you manage?(2)以特殊疑问句为基础Which do yo
29、u prefer, red wine or white?How shall we go there? By bus or by train?,3. 祈使句: 用以表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等的句子叫做祈使句（imperative sentence）。祈使句的结构与陈述句一样，但主语常省略。祈使句一般没有时态的变化，也不能与情态动词连用。Please have a seat here.This way, please. = Go this way, please. 请这边走。Be a good boy! Let me help you. Dont forget me! No smoking!,1
30、) 祈使句后加will you / wont you 。 用will you 多表示“请求”，用“wont you” 多表示“提醒注意” Go to the cinema, will you / wont you? 在否定句的祈使句后不加wont you 。,45,2) Lets 后一般加 shall we ?Lets go home, shall we ?而 Let us /me /him 后一般加 will you ?e.g. Let him have a try, will you ? Let us have a rest, will you ?,祈使句,4.感叹句: 感叹句通常有wha
31、t, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情.How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序。 How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子2).How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。How lovely the baby is! 小毛头真可爱！3).What +名词+陈述语序。What noise they are making! 他们真吵！4).What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。What a clever boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！,5).What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。What wonderful ideas （we have）! 我们的主意真棒！
32、6).What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。What cold weather it is! 多冷的天！7).What a clever boy he is!的省略形式为：What a clever boy!,I、句子种类,5、 THERE-BE存在句,There is a clock on the table. Once there lived a king called Lear. There goes the bell!Here come the bus. Here he comes.There used to be a village at the foot of the moun
33、tain.There is certain to be a heavy rain tonight.There seems to be some misunderstanding.There is a baby crying in the next door.There being no bus, we had to walk home.,II、句子类型（按句子结构分） 简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句,二、句子类型,1、简单句 只包含一个主谓结构，个个成分都是单词或短语的句子。,All roads lead to Rome.He got up, dressed quickly, washed
34、 himself and went out.Is he a superman?Dont be shy. Have a try.The man dressed in black seems to be a spy.,二、句子类型,2、并列句 包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构，分句由并列连词来连接。,并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, 等连接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, o
35、therwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.,He is a basketball fan, and his wife is a volleyball fan.Honey is sweet, but the be
36、e stings.Dont be late, for there is a meeting.Hurry up, or youll be late.He works hard while his brother is a lazy bone.He was enjoying his KFC when a friend came.,4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.,并列句的分
37、类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but
38、he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.,二、句子类型,3、复合句 复合句的某个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等，由另一个句子承当。,（1）名词性从句 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句统称为名词性从句。宾语从句注意事项：引导词
39、、语序、时态呼应、语态。主语/表语/同位从句注意事项：引导词、语序、语态。注意：1、whether与if的区别； 2、陈述句变来的名词性从句由什么引导。那么，一 般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、感叹句变 来的呢？,二、句子类型,3、复合句 （2）定语从句=先行词+引导词+其它。,引导词的选用取决于：1）先行词；2）先行词的修饰语；3）引导词在定语 从句中的成分。注意：定语从句中的主谓一致；,3、复合句(3)状语从句 即用作状语的分句,可作下列状语：1、时间（after,before,as,when,while,since,till,until, whenever,as long as,as
40、soon as;the moment,every time,next time;nosoonerthan,hardlywhen ）；2、地点（where,wherever） ；3、方式（as,as if,as though） ；4、程度（asas,more than,sothat,suchthat） ；,二、句子类型,5、原因（because,since,as,now that,that） ；6、结果（,so that,sothat,suchthat） ；7、目的（so that,in order that,in case） ；8、条件（if,unless） ；9、让步（though,alth
41、ough,even if,even though,in spite of the fact that ,whenever,wherever,whoever,whichever,However,no matter how,whether） 。,二、句子类型,(3)状语从句,二、句子类型,3、复合句 并列复合句 即并列连词连接了带 从句的并列句。,English is widely used in the world, but China has the largest number of people who speak Chinese.,练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句一、判断下列句子是简单句、
42、并列句还是复合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5. He is in Class One and I am in
43、 Class Two.,一、1、简单句；2、复合句；3、简单句；4、简单句；5、并列句；,6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country musi
44、c.,6、复合句；7、并列句；8、复合句；9、简单句；10、简单句,三、选择填空：1. Give me one more minute _ Ill be able to finish it.A. andB. orC. ifD. so2. Its the third time that John has been late, _?A. hasnt heB. isnt he C. isnt itD. hasnt it3. _ joyful he was to meet his brother again!A. HowB. WhatC. What aD. What an,A,C,A,4. Let us pass, _?A. shant weB. shall weC. wont weD. will you5. I suppose hes serious, _ ?A. do IB. dont IC. is heD. isnt he6. You had better not smoke here, _?A. will youB. had you C. shall youD. have you,
