1、Comment A1: ？1非谓语动词和从句的转换-一.不定式（短语）与从句的关系1.不定式（短语）在句中作主语，其功能相当于一个主语从句，因此二者之间可以转换。(1).To be able to help you is really an honor.(=That Im able to help you) (2).He seemed to know the way.(=It seemed that he knew the way.)(3).Bush is said to have decided to attack North Korea. (= It is said that Bush h
2、as decided to attack North Korea.)2.不定式（短语）在句中作宾语或宾补，相当于一个宾语从句(1).We still dont know when and where to build a school.(宾语)(=when and where we should build a school)(2).I advised him to go and see the doctor.(宾补)(=that he should go and see)(3).He thought it a great pity not to have invited her. .(宾语
3、)(=That he hadnt invited her.)3不定式（短语）在句中作表语.，相当于一个表语从句(1).My suggestion is for them to leave as soon as possible.(=that they should leave)(2).My chief purpose has been for them to get a good understanding.(=that they can get a good understanding)4.不定式（短语）在句中作定语.，相当于一个定语从句(1).The question will be di
4、scussed at the conference shortly to open in Beijing.(=that is shortly to open in Beijing)(2).All dead, I was the only one to grow up. (=that grew up)5.不定式（短语）在句中作目的结果状语. ，相当于一个目的结果状语从句().He came to the area in order/so as to study the folk music there.(=in order/so that) (2).The lady was so excited
5、 as not to say a word.(=so excited that she couldnt)7.不定式（短语）在句中作原因状语. ，相当于一个原因状语从句2()I trembled to think of being punished by the boss.(=because I though of being punished by the boss)(2).We were disappointed to have lost the game.(=that we have lost the game)二动名词（短语）与从句的关系1. 动名词（短语）在句中作主语，相当于一个主语从
6、句().Your going away (=That you went away) made the professor angry. (2).Marys not being made monitor (=That Mary was not made monitor ) made us sad.被动的动名词在句中作主语时一般不能省(3).Being called a fool(=That he was called a fool) hurt Bob badly.2. 动名词（短语）在句中作宾语或宾补语，相当于一个宾语从句(1).I remember being taken to Beijing
7、(=that I was taken to Beijing) when I was five.(2).He admitted having married Mary to a soldier(=that he had married Mary to a soldier).3. 动名词（短语）在句中作表语. ，相当于一个表语从句(1).My duty is serving the people heart and soul (that Ill serve the people heart and soul).(2).The problem is his not having prepared h
8、is lessons for the exam(=that he hasnt prepared his lessons for the exam)(3).The difficulty is Marys being caught between the two trees(=that Mary is caught between the two trees).4. 介词动名词（短语） ，相当于一个从句(宾语从句或同位语从句.0(1）He was afraid of being scolded by his mistake.(=that he was)(2).He was astonished a
9、t her knowing you.(=that she knew you)(3).We heard the news of our team having won.(=that our team had won)三分词（短语）与从句的关系1.分词（短语）作定语，相当于一个定语从句(1）The hospital was an old building built in 1931(=that was built in 1931).3(2).Do you know the girl standing over there(=who is standing over there)?(3).The m
10、an speaking to us the other day(= who spoke to us the other day) has gone to Japan.本节值得注意的问题：现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语，所以，下列句子都是错的：Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (应改为 who has come from Beijing)Those having finished their work can go home now. (应改为 who have finish
11、ed)The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (应改为 who gave us)2.分词独立结构，相当于一个状语从句，其中伴随状语多与并列句转换(1）Weather permitting(=If weather permits), well have the match tomorrow.(2).The dark clouds having disappeared(=When the dark clouds had disappeared), the sun shone again.(3).Th
12、e monitor being ill(=As the monitor was ill) wed better put the meting off.(4).Other things being equal(=If other things are equal), Id buy the black dress.(5).Given more time(=If we were given more time), we could have done it better.(6).He came back, his hands tied to his back(=and his hands were
13、tied to his back).3.分词短语，相当于一个状语从句(1）On arriving(=As soon as I arrive) there, Ill telephone you.（时间）(2).(While)waiting(=While I was waiting )for the bus, I caught sight of her（时间）(3).Educated(=As he was educated ) by the party, he became a great fighter.（原因）(4).Not having received(=Because I hadnt r
14、eceived an answer, I wrote to him again.（原因）4(5).(If) given(=If we had been given )enough time, e could have done it better.（条件）(6).(Though) having made(=Though he had made) great achievements, he didnt pride.(让步)分词短语作状语，可表伴随，结果，相当于 and 的并列句，也可和 with 转换(1）He died, leaving his daughter much money. ()
15、 (=with),(=and left)(2).The teacher entered the lab, followed by our students.(=and he was followed by our students =with us following him=and we followed him)5.分词短语在句中作宾语或宾语补足语，相当于一个宾语从句(1）He found the windows broken.(=He found that the windows were broken.)(2).I felt my heart beating fast at the n
16、ews of bomb explosion.(=I felt that my heart was besting fast at the news of bomb explosion)四特殊转换1. 动名词复合结构相当于从句(1）Sophias having seen them(=That Sophia had seen them) didnt surprised us.(2).I cant bear his (him) staying up so late(=that he stays up so late).(3).We encourage students living in the s
17、chool(=that students live in the school).(4).What was disappointing was our not being able to go for a picnic (that we were not able to go for a picnic).2. there +being+ 其他成分(1）There being nothing to do, we played games.(=Because there was nothing to do) (原因)(2).They closed the store, there being no customers.(=Because there was no customers) (原因)
