1、1,第五章 抗体 (Antibody,Ab),2,3,Introduction,抗体(antibody,Ab) 是B细胞接受抗原刺激后增殖分化为浆细胞所产生的糖蛋白,主要存在于血清等体液中,能与相应抗原特异性地结合,发挥体液免疫功能。,Antibody(Ab):The glycoproteins(糖蛋白) produced by B cells which differentiate to plasma cells in the response to stimulation of antigen are called Abs, they can specifically combine wi
2、th the corresponding antigen.,4,抗体的发现及其特性,1890年德国学者Behring及其同事发现应用白喉外毒素免疫动物,在其血清中有一种能中和外毒素的物质,称为抗毒素(antitoxin),此即为在血清中发现的首例抗体(antibody)。,Emil von Behring (1845-1917),5,概念免疫球蛋白(Immunoglobulin,Ig)是指具有抗体活性或化学结构与抗体相似的球蛋白。类型 分泌型(secreted Ig, sIg)-分泌进入体液, 介导体液免疫应答; 膜 型(membrane Ig, mIg)- B细胞膜上的抗原受体。,There
3、fore, all Abs are Igs, but not all Igs are Abs.,6,7,Molecular Structure of Immunoglobulin,第一节 免疫球蛋白的分子结构,I. Basic structure,8,(一)重链(H)和轻链(L),重链(heavy chain, H): 由450-550个氨基酸残基组成,因恒定区氨基酸的组成和排列顺序不同,将免疫球蛋白分为五类。轻链(light chain, L): 由214个氨基酸残基构成。分为两型,即、型,一个天然Ig分子上两条轻链的型别总是相同的。,9,10,11,Subclass: According
4、to differences of the amino acid composition and number or position of disulfide(二硫键)bonds in hinge region : IgG-IgG1,IgG2,IgG3,IgG4IgA-IgA1,IgA2,12,(二)可变区(V)和恒定区(C),可变区(variable region, VH、VL) 靠近N端氨基酸序列变化较大的区域,分别占重链和轻链的1/4和1/2 恒定区(constant region, CH、CL)靠近C端氨基酸序列相对稳定的区域,分别占重链和轻链的3/4和1/2,13,高变区 VH和V
5、L各有3个区域的氨基酸组成和排列顺序高度可变,这些区域称为HVR,分别用HVR1、HVR2、HVR3表示;也称为互补决定区(complementarity determining region,CDR)分别用CDR1、CDR2、CDR3表示。 VH和VL的三个高变区共同组成Ig的抗原结合部位,决定着抗体的特异性,负责识别抗原,进行免疫应答。 高变区之外区域的氨基酸组成和排列顺序相对不易变化,称为骨架区(FR),1. 可变区,(hypervariable region,HVR),14,It is the CDRs that binds the epitopes of antigen,15,C端
6、Ig分子结构的功能区,N端,2、恒定区(constant region),不同型的Ig其CL的长度基本一致,但不同类的Ig其CH长度不同(如IgM,IgE)。,针对不同抗原的人的同一类别的Ig其C区相同;针对同一抗原的人的不同类别的Ig其V区相同。,16,3.铰链区(hinge region),位于CH1与CH2之间,富含脯氨酸,与抗原结合时易于吻合 易使补体结合点暴露 对蛋白酶敏感(木瓜蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶) 各类Ig的铰链区不同,IgM,17,改变两个结合抗原的Y形臂之间的距离,18,19,(三)其他结构(other structure),1.J链 (joining chain)富含半胱氨酸的
7、多肽链 稳定多聚体结构,并参与体内转运 2.分泌片 (secretory piece, SP)保护分泌型IgA免受环境中蛋白酶的破坏;并介导IgA的转运,IgM,分泌型IgA,20,二、免疫球蛋白结构域 (immuoglobulin domain),Ig分子的每条肽链(H、L链)折叠成的几个由链内二硫键连接的球形结构 VH、CH1、CH2、CH3、CH4VL、CL,结构域的功能不同,但结构相似,均具有免疫球蛋白折叠,即桶状(barrel)结构 IgSF(免疫球蛋白超家族),21,22,23,function of each domain,V region(VH , VL): antigen-b
8、inding site C region: CH2: complement-fixing siteplacenta-crossing site CH3/CH4: cell-binding site,24,抗原结合片断,可结晶片断,N端,C端,25,26,Basic structure of Ab,27,28,29,第二节 免疫球蛋白的免疫原性 (immunogenicity of immunoglobulin),30,Ig既可与相应的抗原发生特异性的结合,其本身又可激发机体产生特异性免疫应答,其结构和功能基础是在Ig分子中包含有多种不同的抗原表位(epitope),呈现出不同的免疫原性。,31
9、,同种型(Isotype),独特型(Idiotype),同种异型(Allotype),免疫球蛋白的血清型 Serotype of Ig,32,同种型(isotype):-为种属型标志,主要存在于Ig的C区。,同一种属所有个体Ig分子共有的抗原特异性标志,33,同种异型(allotype):-为个体型标志,主要存在于Ig的C区。,同一种属不同个体间,同一类型Ig中所具有的不同的抗原表位,34,独特型(idiotype): 同一种属、同一个体来源的抗体分子由于其CDR区的氨基酸序列的不同,可显示不同的免疫原性,称为独特型, -是每个Ig分子所特有的抗原特异性标志。,35,第三节 抗体的生物学活性,
10、Biologic Activities of Antibody,36,一、IgV区的功能,识别并特异性结合抗原是Ig的主要功能,执行该功能的结构主要是Ig的V区,其中CDR在识别和结合特异性抗原中起主要作用。,37,The functions of V region,38,The functions of V region,39,The functions of C region,二、IgC区的功能,1、激活补体(Complement activation),40,2、通过与Fc受体结合发挥多种生物效应 (Performing multiple biological effects by bi
11、nding with Fc),The functions of C region,41,42,43,44,45,3、穿过胎盘和黏膜 (Transportation through placenta and mucous),IgG,The functions of C region,46,To inhibit microbes attachment to mucosal epithelial cells (IgA),47,第四节 各类免疫球蛋白的特性与功能,48,I. IgG1、血清和细胞外液中含量最高2、是再次免疫应答产生的主要抗体3、是机体抗感染的“主力军”4、IgG1、IgG2、IgG3:
12、可通过胎盘;能激活补体、具 有调理作用、ADCC,49,II. IgA Two types -Serum type :monomer -Secretary type(sIgA):dimer, Two subclasses:IgA1,IgA2,Be produced at 4 month after birth Exist in almost all humors Activate the complement by alternative pathway Mediated local immunity of mucosa,50,. IgM 1)分泌型为五聚体,是分子量最大的Ig。 占血清免疫球
13、蛋白总量的5%10% 特异性结合抗原激活补体。 2)单体(mIgM)是B细胞抗原受体的主要成分 3)天然血型抗体是IgM 4)不能通过胎盘血清中检出IgM提示新近发生感染,51,IV. IgD Concentration in serum is low and sensitive to proteinase Act as the antigen receptor on B cells regulate differentiation of B cells,V. IgE Concentration in serum is lowest in normal individual, but is v
14、ery high in some patients Related to typehypersensitivity,52,第四节 人工制备的抗体 (Artifical Antibody),53,I. Polyclonal Antibody (pAb),Definition: Mixture of Ab molecules against different antigenic epitopes are called polyclonal Ab. Advantage -Possess many actions -Extensive sources -Prepared easily Disadva
15、ntage: Low specificity,54,II. Monoclonal Antibody(mAb),Definition: All antibodies which are produced by one B cell clone and only bind to unique antigenic epitope are called monoclonal Ab. Advantage:Identical structure,high fineness,specificity and titer Disadvantage:immunogenecity, cause human anti
16、-mouse antibody(HAMA),55,单克隆抗体的制备,56,57,III. Genetic engineering Antibody,58,59,Summary,60,同种型 (isotype),独特型 (idiotype),同种异型(allotype),Serotype of Ig,61,Immunoglobulin Fragments: Structure/Function Relationships,N termini,C termini,62,1.Function of V regionBinding antigen 2.Function of C region Comp
17、lement fixationOpsonization, ADCCCrossing the placenta and mucosa,Function of Immunoglobulin,63,64,学习要求,掌握免疫球蛋白的基本结构及功能掌握各类免疫球蛋白的特性与功能熟悉免疫球蛋白的水解片段,单克隆抗体、多克隆抗体的概念,65,It was proved in 1930s that antibody is - mmunoglobulin.Porter and Edelman showed in 1959 that antibody is 4-chain structured.,66,. Fun
18、ctions of IgG :-Anti-bacteria and virus,neutralize toxin -Some belong to the auto-antibodies -Combine with the Fc receptor(FcR),67,I. IgG Highest concentration in serum(75-80% of total Ig) Four subclasses : IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4. Unique Ig that can pass through placenta Half-life is longer( 16-24 d
19、ays) The individual starts to produce IgG at 3 month after birth and reach the level of adult at 5 years old,68,III. IgM Highest MW:pentamer(五聚体) Valences:10 valences in theory Half-life is shorter(45 days) The first Ig to be synthesized-Be produced during fetus-Appear in the early stage after infection -The first mIg of the B cells,act as the antigen receptors(BCR),69,