1、Learning Corner学习频道New Oriental English.13 文 / 张满胜本期我们来分析otherwise在定语从句中的用法。首先请看2013年考研英语(一)完型填空中的一句话。This might sound small, but to undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been necessary.本句的难点是than would otherwise have been necessary这
2、一部分，其中的otherwise用在定语从句结构中，并与虚拟语气搭配使用。之所以要用虚拟语气，是因为otherwise的基本含义是“在相反的情况下”或“要不然的话”，表达的是与前面提到的真实情况相反的一个假设情形。Otherwise的这一用法既可以出现在that/which/who引导的普通定语从句(下文统称为“that定语从句”)中，也可以出现在than引导的特殊定语从句(下文简称为“than定语从句”，关于than引导的定语从句讲解请见本刊2008年12月号和2009年12月合刊)中。下面我们分别来看otherwise在that定语从句和than定语从句中的用法特点。Otherwise用于
3、that定语从句would等情态动词，而相应的if虚拟条件句被省去了。在that would otherwise be uneconomical这个定语从句中，that指代services，因此这个定语从句相当于一个虚拟主句：“The services would be uneconomical.”既然有了虚拟主句，那么if虚拟条件从句在哪里？这就涉及该句型的第二个特点。特点二：定语从句中出现的otherwise是针对主句所述情形进行的相反假设，相当于虚拟条件从句“if it were not for ”。例1中的主句they support the services可以写成虚拟条件从句if
4、it were not for their support，或者写成if they didnt support the services，这也就是otherwise所表达的含义。将这个虚拟条件从句与上面的虚拟主句结合起来，就构成这样一个完整的虚拟句：“The services would be uneconomical if it were not for their support.”所以，例1的句子相当于下面的两句话。在此类定语从句中，关系代词that可以充当定语从句的主语或非主语(如宾语、表语)，otherwise所表达的虚拟可以是对现在虚拟，也可以是对过去虚拟。下面我们来具体分析。Th
5、at充当定语从句的主语在关系代词that充当主语的定语从句中，如果otherwise表达的虚拟是对现在虚拟，otherwise就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it were not for ”，此时that定语从句的结构为“that would otherwise +动词原形”。请看下面的例句。1. They support the services that would otherwise be uneconomical.他们对这些服务提供了极大的支持，要不然的话，这些服务将会花费不菲。下面就利用这个例句来向大家揭示otherwise用于that定语从句时的用法特点。特点一：定语从句相当于一个虚
6、拟主句，常用到Learning Corner学习频道14 .New Oriental EnglishOtherwise用于than定语从句掌握了otherwise在that定语从句中的用法，我们就容易理解otherwise在than定语从句中的含义和用法特点了。参照上述三个特点，otherwise用于than定语从句时的用法特点可以归纳如下。特点一：定语从句相当于虚拟主句，改写的时候要注意采用否定形式(这一点不同于that定语从句)。特点二：Otherwise相当于虚拟条件从句“if it were not for ”或“if it had not been for ”。特点三：定语从句的基本
7、含义是“要不然，就不会出现定语从句所描述的情形”，注意这里采用了否定形式(这一点不同于that定语从句)。Than充当定语从句的主语如果是对现在虚拟，otherwise就相当于虚拟条件句“if it were not for ”，此时than定语从句中的结构为“than would otherwise +动词原形”。请看下面的例句。5. Big chains thrive because they provide goods and services of greater variety, better quality, and lower cost than would otherwise
8、be available.大型连锁商店之所以能蓬勃发展，是因为它们所提供的产品和服务种类更多、质量更好、成本更低。如果没有这样的大型连锁商店，就不会有这样的产品和服务。学习频道for ”，此时that定语从句的结构为“that somebody would otherwise +动词原形”。请看下面的例句。3. This (anesthesia) allows patients to undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain that they would otherwise experience.这(
9、麻醉)能够让病人在手术和其他治疗过程中免受折磨和痛苦。要不然的话，他们就会受这些罪。本句的关系代词that指代先行词distress and pain，充当experience的宾语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句：“They would experience distress and pain if it were not for anesthesia.”(如果没有麻醉，病人就会遭受折磨和痛苦。)如果是对过去虚拟，otherwise就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it had not been for ”，此时that定语从句中的结构为“that somebody would other
10、wise have +过去分词”。请看下面的例句。4. He was lured into a crime that he would not otherwise have committed.他是被引诱犯罪的，要不然的话，他是不会犯的。本句中关系代词that指代先行词crime，充当commit的宾语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句：“He would not have committed the crime if he had not been lured into it.”(如果他当时没有受引诱，他就不会犯罪了。)由此可见，在that不充当主语的定语从句中，otherwise的用
11、法同样符合上文总结出的三个特点。a. They support the services.他们对这些服务提供了支持。b. The services would be uneconomical if it were not for their support.如果没有他们的支持，这些服务将会花费不菲。由此我们可以得出此类定语从句的语义特点，具体见下文“特点三”的论述。特点三：定语从句的基本含义是“如果不是主句所描述的那样，就会出现定语从句所描述的情形”。上面的例句是对现在虚拟，如果是对过去虚拟，otherwise就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it had not been for ”，此时that
12、定语从句的结构为“that would otherwise have +过去分词”。请看下面的例句。2. With the teachers help, I found many errors that would otherwise have been overlooked.在老师的帮助下，我发现了很多原本可能被忽略的错误。本句中定语从句的关系代词that指代先行词many errors，充当定语从句的主语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句：“Many errors would have been overlooked if it had not been for the teache
13、rs help.”(如果当时没有老师的帮助，很多错误就会被忽略了。)That不充当定语从句的主语除了主语，that也可以充当定语从句的宾语或表语。在这样的定语从句中，如果otherwise表达的是对现在虚拟，otherwise就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it were not Learning Corner学习频道New Oriental English.15本句的关系代词than指代先行词“goods and services of greater variety, better quality, and lower cost”，充当定语从句的主语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句：“
14、Goods and services of greater variety, better quality, and lower cost would not be available if it were not for big chains.”(如果没有这样的大型连锁商店，就不会有这样的产品和服务。)注意，虚拟主句中添加了否定词not，说成would not be available，才能表达than定语从句的含义。如果是对过去虚拟，otherwise就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it had not been for ”，此时than定语从句的结构为“than would otherwis
15、e have +过去分词”。本文开头的句子就是这种情况(This might sound small, but to undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been necessary)。该句中的otherwise用于than定语从句，关系代词than指代先行词30 more GMAT points，充当定语从句的主语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句：“Thirty more GMAT points would no
16、t have been necessary if it had not been for such a decrease.”(如果没有这个降分，GMAT考试多出的30分本来是不需要的。)句首的this指代原题的前文中提到的平均0.075的降分。整个句子意思如下：这个(平均0.075的)降分看起来也许不多，但要消除它的影响，一名申请者的GMAT考试就要多考出本来不需要的30分。Than不充当定语从句的主语在than充当宾语或表语的定语从句中，如果是对现在虚拟，otherwise就相当于虚拟条件句“if it were not for ”，此时than定语从句中的结构为“than somebody
17、 综上所述，otherwise用于定语从句中的句型结构可以归纳为下表。定语从句类型关系词所充当的成分对现在虚拟对过去虚拟that定语从句that充当主语that would otherwise +动词原形that would otherwise have +过去分词that不充当主语that somebody would otherwise +动词原形that somebody would otherwise have +过去分词than定语从句than充当主语than would otherwise +动词原形than would otherwise have +过去分词than不充当主语t
18、han somebody would otherwise +动词原形than somebody would otherwise have +过去分词学习频道would otherwise +动词原形”。有统计数据表明，学历越高挣钱相对会越多，用英文可以这样表达：“Well-educated people make more money than those less well-educated.”另一方面，我们也可以与自身进行比较，比如可以说：受过良好教育的人所挣的钱比他们不受良好教育的情况下挣得多。这时就需要用到上面讲到的otherwise虚拟句型了。6. Well-educated peo
19、ple make more money than they would otherwise do.受过良好教育的人能挣到更多的钱，如果没有良好的教育，他们就挣不到这么多钱。本句中定语从句的关系代词than指代先行词money，充当定语从句的宾语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句：“They would not make so much money if it were not for their good education.”(如果没有良好的教育，他们不会挣到这么多钱。)如果是对过去虚拟，otherwise就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it had not been for ”，此时th
20、an定语从句的结构为“than somebody would otherwise have +过去分词”。请看下面的例句。7. With the teachers help, the student got better grades than he would otherwise have done.因为老师的帮助，这个学生考出了他本来考不到的好成绩。本句中定语从句的关系代词than指代先行词grades，充当定语从句的宾语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句：“He would not have gotten such good grades if it had not been for the teachers help.”(如果没有老师的帮助，他就考不出这么好的成绩。)希望本文内容能帮助大家更清晰地了解otherwise在定语从句中的用法。Otherwise与定语从句作者： 张满胜作者单位：刊名： 新东方英语英文刊名： NEW ORIENTAL ENGLISH年，卷(期)： 2013(6)本文链接：http:/
