1、TOEFL Reading 6,Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise th
2、eir affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known f
3、rom the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.Fluke: the two parts that constitute the large triangular tail of a whaleBlowhole: a hole in the
4、 top of the head used for breathing,1. In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans? It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals. It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals. It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals
5、.It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.,Paragraph 3: The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is ceta
6、cean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other fea
7、tures, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on
8、 land.,3. The word precious in the passage is closest in meaning toExact ScarceValuableInitial,4. Pakicetus and modern cetaceans have similar (C)Hearing structures Adaptations for divingSkull shapesBreeding locations,5. The word it in the passage refers to (A)PakicetusFishLifeocean,Paragraph 4: Anot
9、her major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were f
10、ound but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional,
11、 or vestigial, hind legs.,6. The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning toExplainedVisibleIdentifiedLocated,7. The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that BasilosaurusLived later than Ambulocetus natansLived at the same time as PakicetusWas able to swim well
12、Could not have walked on land,8. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locationsOn landBoth on land and at seaIn shallow waterIn a marine environment,Paragraph 5: An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale A
13、mbulocetus natans (the walking whale that swam) lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like tho
14、se of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of i
15、ts body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea,9. Why
16、 does the author use the word luckily in mentioning that the Ambulocetus natans fossil included hind legs?Fossil legs of early whales are a rare find.The legs provided important information about the evolution of cetaceans.The discovery allowed scientists to reconstruct a complete skeleton of the wh
17、ale.Until that time, only the front legs of early whales had been discovered.,10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Even though Amb
18、ulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.By moving the rear parts of their bod
19、ies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.,11. The word propulsion in the passage is closest in meaning to (D)Staying afloatChanging directionDecreasing weightMoving forward,Paragraph 1: Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil r
20、ecord. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. I
21、n 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.12. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.Where would the sentence best fit?,13-14
22、. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not prese
23、nted in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphins.,1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.
24、2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.5. Fossils thought to be transiti
25、onal forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.6. Ambulocetus hind legs were used for propulsion in the water. (1,2,5),Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowle
26、dge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or s
27、emiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.,1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about articles manufactured before 1815?They were primarily produced by women.
28、They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes.They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks.,Paragraph 2: The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in fact
29、ories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral beh
30、avior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.,2. Which of the sentences below
31、 best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.The responsibilities of the mas
32、ter to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.,Paragraph 3: The factory changed t
33、hat. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented sche
34、dule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since
35、work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.,3. The word disrupted in the passage is closest in meaning toProlongedEstablishedFollowedUpset,Paragraph 4: The
36、 first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines. With th
37、e loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer
38、 could achieve the artisans dream of setting up ones own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.,4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order toSupport the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factoriesTo show tha
39、t workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machineryArgue that clocks did not have a useful function in factoriesEmphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints,5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the ne
40、w system for workers EXCEPT a loss ofFreedomStatus in the communityOpportunities for advancementContact among workers who were not managers,Paragraph 5: In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carp
41、enters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labors strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were
42、 willing to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to mos
43、t industries by the 185Os, and the courts also recognized workers right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.,6. The phrase gathered some momentum in the passage is closest in meaning toMade progressBecame activeCaused changesCombined forces,7. The word spearheaded in the passage i
44、s closest in meaning toLedAcceptedChangedResisted,8. Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800s is supported by paragraph 5?It was most successful during times of economic crisis.Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers.It was slow to improve conditions for
45、workers.It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each other.,Paragraph 6: Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences
46、, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extr
47、emes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.,9. The author identifies political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics as two of several factors that (
48、B)Encouraged workers to demand higher wagesCreated divisions among workersCaused work to become more specializedIncreased workers resentment of the industrial system,10. The word them in the passage refers toWorkers Political patty loyalties Disagreements over tacticsAgents of opportunity,Paragraph
49、1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw mater
50、ial supplied by merchant capitalists. After 181 5 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.11. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.Where would the sentence best fit?,
