1、,Unemployment and Its Natural Rate 失业与自然失业率,Chapter 28,Categories of Unemployment 失业的分类,The problem of unemployment is usually divided into two categories.失业问题通常分为两类。 The long-run problem and the short-run problem:长期问题与短期问题： The natural rate of unemployment自然失业率 The cyclical rate of unemployment周期性失
2、业率,Natural Rate of Unemployment 自然失业率,The natural rate of unemployment is unemployment that does not go away on its own even in the long run.自然失业率是在长期中不会自行消失的失业率。 It is the amount of unemployment that the economy normally experiences.它是经济中正常情况下存在的失业量。,Cyclical Unemployment 周期性失业率,Cyclical unemployme
3、nt refers to the year-to-year fluctuations in unemployment around its natural rate.周期性失业率是指失业量围绕其自然失业率的逐年波动。 It is associated with with short-term ups and downs of the business cycle.它与经济活动的短期上升和下降密切相关。,How is Unemployment Measured? 如何衡量失业？,Unemployment is measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
4、(BLS).衡量失业是劳工统计局的工作。 It surveys 60,000 randomly selected households every month.它每月调查6万个随机挑选的家庭。 The survey is called the Current Population Survey.这种调查被称为现期人口调查。,How is Unemployment Measured? 如何衡量失业？,Based on the answers to the survey questions, the BLS places each adult into one of three categorie
5、s:根据对调查的回答，劳工统计局把每个受调查家庭中的每个成员（16岁 以上）划入三类中的一类里： Employed 就业者 Unemployed 失业者 Not in the labor force 非劳动力人口,How is Unemployment Measured? 如何衡量失业？,The BLS considers a person an adult if he or she is over 16 years old. 劳工统计局把16岁或16岁以上的人看为 成年人。,How is Unemployment Measured? 如何衡量失业？,A person is considere
6、d employed if he or she has spent most of the previous week working at a paid job. 如果一个人前一周的大部分时间用于有酬工作，这个人就被当作就业者。,How is Unemployment Measured? 如何衡量失业？,A person is unemployed if he or she is on temporary layoff, is looking for a job, or is waiting for the start date of a new job. 如果一个人暂时被解雇，正在寻找工作
7、或等待新工作开始的日子，这个人就是失业者。,How is Unemployment Measured? 如何衡量失业？,A person who fits neither of these categories, such as a full-time student, homemaker, or retiree, is not in the labor force. 如果一个人不属于前两类中的任何一类，这个人就是非劳动力人口，例如全日制学生、家务劳动者或退休者。,How Is Unemployment Measured?,Labor Force The labor force is the
8、total number of workers, including both the employed and the unemployed. The BLS defines the labor force as the sum of the employed and the unemployed.,如何衡量失业？,劳动力 劳动力 既包括就业者又包括失业者的工人总量。 劳工统计局把劳动力定义为就业者与失业者之和。,Unemployed (6.7 million),Figure 1 The Breakdown of the Population in 2001,Not in labor for
9、ce (70.1 million),Employed (135.1 million),How is Unemployment Measured?,The unemployment rate is calculated as the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.,How is Unemployment Measured?,The labor-force participation rate is the percentage of the adult population that is in the labor force.
10、,如何衡量失业?,劳动力参工率 衡量总成年人口中劳动力的百分比。,Table 1 The Labor-Market Experiences of Various Demographic Groups,Copyright2004 South-Western,Figure 2 Unemployment Rate Since 1960,10,8,6,4,2,0,1970,1975,1960,1965,1980,1985,1990,2005,Percent of,Labor Force,1995,2000,图2. 1960年以来的失业率,劳动力百分比,自然失业率,失业率,Figure 3 Labor
11、Force Participation Rates for Men and Women Since 1950,100,80,60,40,20,0,1950,1955,1960,1965,1970,1975,1980,1985,1990,2000,Labor-Force,Participation,Rate (in percent),Women,Men,1995,It is difficult to distinguish between a person who is unemployed and a person who is not in the labor force. Discoura
12、ged workers, people who would like to work but have given up looking for jobs after an unsuccessful search, dont show up in unemployment statistics. Other people may claim to be unemployed in order to receive financial assistance, even though they arent looking for work.,Does the Unemployment Rate M
13、easure What We Want It To ?,区分失业者与不作为劳动力的人是困难的。 丧失信心的工人 想要工作但在寻找失败之后放弃了寻找工作的工人，他们并没有表示在失业统计中。 其他一些人可以称自己为失业者，目的是为了得到经济帮助，尽管他们并没有寻找工作。,失业率衡量了我们想要衡量的内容吗?,Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed? 为什么总会有一些人是失业者？,In an ideal labor market, wages would adjust to balance the supply and demand for labor,
14、 ensuring that all workers would be fully employed. 在一个理想的劳动市场中，工资的调整会使劳动的供給量与需求量平衡，这种调整将保证所有工人总是充分就业的。,Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?,Frictional unemployment refers to the unemployment that results from the time that it takes to match workers with jobs. In other words, it takes time f
15、or workers to search for the jobs that are best suited for them.,为什么总会有一些人是失业者?,摩擦性失业 由使工人与工作相匹配的过程所引起的失业。也就是说，工人要花费时间寻找最适合自己的工作。,Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?,Structural unemployment is the unemployment that results because the number of jobs available in some labor markets is insuff
16、icient to provide a job for everyone who wants one.,为什么总会有一些人是失业者?,结构性失业 由于某些劳动市场上可得到的工作岗位数量不足以为每个想工作的人提供工作而引起的失业。,Why Some Frictional Unemployment is Inevitable,Search unemployment is inevitable because the economy is always changing. Changes in the composition of demand among industries or regions
17、 are called sectoral shifts. It takes time for workers to search for and find jobs in new sectors.,为什么一些摩擦性失业是不可避免的,寻找工作是不可避免的，这是因为经济总是变动的。 各产业或各地区之间的需求变动称为部门移动。 工人在新部门找到工作需要时间。,Public Policy and Job Search,Government programs can affect the time it takes unemployed workers to find new jobs. These p
18、rograms include the following: Government-run employment agencies Public training programs Unemployment insurance,公共政策与寻找工作,政府计划可以影响失业工人寻找新工作所需要的时间。 这些计划包括： 政府管理的就业机构 公共培训计划 失业保障,Public Policy and Job Search 公共政策与寻找工作,Government-run employment agencies give out information about job vacancies in ord
19、er to match workers and jobs more quickly. 政府管理的就业机构发布有关工作空位的信息，目的是使工人和工作更快地匹配起来。,Public Policy and Job Search 公共政策与寻找工作,Public training programs aim to ease the transition of workers from declining to growing industries and to help disadvantaged groups escape poverty. 公共培训计划目的是使衰落产业的工人易于转移到增长产业中。,U
20、nemployment insurance is a government program that partially protects workers incomes when they become unemployed. Offers workers partial protection against job losses. Offers partial payment of former wages for a limited time to those who are laid off.,Public Policy and Job Search,失业保障 当工人失业时为他们提供部
21、分收入保护的政府计划。 给工人失去工作提供部分保护。 在一定期限内给那些被解雇的工人津贴，数量比该工人原来就业时的工资少。,公共政策与寻找工作,Unemployment insurance increases the amount of search unemployment.失业保障增加了摩擦性失业量。 It reduces the search efforts of the unemployed.它降低了失业者寻找工作的努力程度。 It may improve the chances of workers being matched with the right jobs.它增加了使工人与
22、其最合适的工作相匹配的机会。,Public Policy and Job Search 公共政策与寻找工作,Public Policy and Job Search,Structural unemployment occurs when the quantity of labor supplied exceeds the quantity demanded. Structural unemployment is often thought to explain longer spells of unemployment.,公共政策与寻找工作,结构性失业当劳动供給量大于需求量时的失业。 结构性失
23、业通常被认为可以解释较长的失业持续时间。,Three Possible Reasons for an Above-Equilibrium Wage 实际工资高于均衡工资的三个可能原因,Minimum-wage laws最低工资法 Unions工会 Efficiency wages效率工资,Minimum-Wage Laws 最低工资,When the minimum wage is set above the level that balances supply and demand, it creates unemployment. 当最低工资标准设定在供给和需求的均衡水平之上时，造成了失业
24、。,Figure 4 Unemployment from a Wage Above the Equilibrium Level,Quantity of,Labor,0,Wage,Unions and Collective Bargaining,A union is a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditions. In the 1940s and 1950s, when unions were at their peak, about a third of the U.S.
25、labor force was unionized. A union is a type of cartel attempting to exert its market power.,工会和集体谈判,工会 是一个就工资和工作条件与雇主进行谈判的工人协会。 在20世纪40年代和50年代，工会处于其极盛时期，美国工人有三分之一左右加入了工会。 工会是一种卡特尔，希望发挥其市场势力。,Unions and Collective Bargaining 工会和集体谈判,The process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of employm
26、ent is called collective bargaining. 工会与企业就就业条件达成一致的 过程被称为集体谈判。,Unions and Collective Bargaining 工会和集体谈判,A strike will be organized if the union and the firm cannot reach an agreement.如果工会和企业没有达成协议，工会就会组织罢工。 Union workers earn 10 to 20 percent more than nonunion workers.工会工人赚的收入比不属于工会的类似工人高出1020。,Th
27、eory of Efficiency Wages 效率工资理论,Efficiency wages are above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity. 效率工资企业为了提高工人生产率而支付的高于均衡水平的工资。 The theory of efficiency wages states that firms operate more efficiently if wages are above the equilibrium level.效率工资理论认为，如果工资高于均衡水平，企业
28、经营会效率更高。,Theory of Efficiency Wages,A firm may prefer higher than equilibrium wages for the following reasons: Worker Health: Better paid workers eat a better diet and thus are more productive. Worker Turnover: A higher paid worker is less likely to look for another job. Worker Effort: Higher wages
29、motivate workers to put forward their best effort. Worker Quality: Higher wages attract a better pool of workers to apply for jobs.,效率工资理论,因为以下原因，企业也许倾向于支付高于均衡水平的工资： 工人的健康：工资高的工人吃营养更丰富的饮食，身体更健康，因此生产率更高。 工人离职率：工资更高的工人去寻找别的工作的可能性小。 工人的努力程度：更高的工资激励工人尽自己最大的努力。 工人素质：高工资吸引了素质更好的工人来申请这些工作。,Summary,The unem
30、ployment rate is the percentage of those who would like to work but dont have jobs. The Bureau of Labor Statistics calculates this statistic monthly. The unemployment rate is an imperfect measure of joblessness.,小结,失业率是那些想要工作但又没有工作的人的百分比。 劳工统计局每月计算这一统计数字。 失业率是失去工作者的一个不完善衡量指标。,Summary,In the U.S. eco
31、nomy, most people who become unemployed find work within a short period of time. Most unemployment observed at any given time is attributable to a few people who are unemployed for long periods of time.,小结,在美国经济中，大多数成为失业者的人在短期内找到了工作。 在任何一个时间所观察到的大多数失业，是由于少数人长期是失业者。,Summary,One reason for unemploymen
32、t is the time it takes for workers to search for jobs that best suit their tastes and skills. A second reason why our economy always has some unemployment is minimum-wage laws. Minimum-wage laws raise the quantity of labor supplied and reduce the quantity demanded.,小结,失业的一个原因是工人找到最适合于他们技能与爱好的工作需要时间。
33、 经济中总存在某种失业的第二个原因是最低工资法 。 最低工资法增加了劳动供給量，并减少了劳动需求量,增加了失业。,Summary,A third reason for unemployment is the market power of unions. A fourth reason for unemployment is suggested by the theory of efficiency wages. High wages can improve worker health, lower worker turnover, increase worker effort, and raise worker quality.,小结,失业的第三个原因是工会的市场势力。 效率工资理论提出了失业的第四个原因。 高工资可以改善工人健康状况、降低工人流动率、提高工人努力程度，并提高工人素质。,
