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类型专业英语教学.doc

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    1、专业英语教学汤孟平教授/博士目 录第 1 章 绪论第 2 章 专业英语词汇第 3 章 专业英语听力第 4 章 专业英语阅读第 5 章 专业英语写作第 1 章 绪论11 专业英语教学目的12 专业英语教学特点13 专业英语的学习要点14 阅读常见专业期刊15 考核方式11 专业英语教学目的专业英语课是森林经理专业选修课,32 学时,2 学分,第 3 学期开课。目的是让学生掌握专业英语词汇,科技论文的写作、结构、常用句型,具备一定的英文专业资料阅读、互译、写作等能力,即专业英语听、说、读、写能力。学生能直接用外语撰写论文和用外语进行学术交流。12 专业英语教学特点(1)专业英语教学与研究生专业设置

    2、关系密切,这是专业英语教学最显著的特点。这就要求学生需要有一定的专业基础知识,把将专业知识和语言知识有机结合起来,才能快速、准确地应用专业英语。(2)专业英语教学重心不同于公共英语,它虽然也离不开听力和口头表达能力的教学,但其重点是阅读理解。13 专业英语的学习要点(1)积累专业词汇词汇量的多少是影响阅读速度的关键。应当熟知本专业的常用词汇、词组。通过大量阅读增加专业词汇量。(2)快速阅读快速阅读不仅可以增加单位时间获取专业知识的信息量。而且不断加深对各种词汇及语法知识的理解。同时,扩大专业词汇量。 (3)注意科技英语中长句、被动句、缩写多的特点。The spatial patterns of

    3、 trees in forest stands reflect the compex historical and environmental mosaic imposed(影响) by initial extablishment patterns, microenvironment differences, climate and sunlight factors, competing vegetation, and the chance success of different species over time(过去) depending on their individual life

    4、 history characteristics.Six study plots were established in three old, unmanaged forests in north Idaho(爱达荷州,美国).Individual tree data in all stands, for all living trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of at least 5 cm, include the DBH, species and spatial position.(4)大胆实践,提高应用能力参加各种学术活动,大胆用

    5、英语进行学术交流。模仿和尝试用英文写科技论文。14 阅读常见专业期刊Forest Science (USA)Forest Ecology and Management (Elsevier, the Netherlands 荷兰)Canadian Journal of Forest Research (CA)European Journal of Forest Research (Springer Berlin / Heidelberg)International Forestry Review (United Kingdom)Silva Fennica (Finland)15 考核方式(1)考

    6、查课(2)成绩收集 300 个专业词汇写一篇专业英语论文第 2 章 专业英语词汇21 词汇量要求一般要求掌握 1200-1500 个科技词汇,其中本专业常用词 300-500 个。22 常见森林经理专业词汇(1)林业林学 forest science, forestry林业 forestry城市林业 urban forestry乡村林业 rural forestry林业法规 forestry regulation林业工程学 forest engineering林业机械 forestry machinery林业计划体系 forestry planning system林业经济 forest ec

    7、onomy林业经济学 forest economics林业局 forest enterprise; 指企业局。林业局总体设计 overall project of forest enterprises林业史 forestry history林业政策 forest policy森林覆盖率 forest coverage, percentage of forest cover集约林业 intensive forestry粗放林业 extensive forestry林业用 地 forestry land; 与非林地相对应。非林地 non-forestry land; 指林区内非林业用地。有林地 f

    8、orest land灌木林地 shrub land疏林地 open forest land荒地 waste land, wild land宜林地 suitable land for forest无林地 non-stocked land国营林场 state owned forest farm国有林 national forest国有林区 national forest area集体林 collectively owned forest森林工业 forest industry森林公园 forest park林中空地 clearing林场经营档案 management archives of for

    9、est farm林道 forest road林道密度 forest road density林道网 forest road network林副产品 forest by-product林区公路 forest highway林相 forest form林相图 stock map, stand map林型 forest type城市绿地系统规划 urban green system planning绿地 green area, green space绿地覆盖率 green cover percentage绿化 greening绿洲 oasis(2)森林经理理论森林经理学 forest managem

    10、ent森林永续利用 sustained yield of forest; 又称“森林永续收获” 。可持续发展 sustainable development, SD可持续林业 sustainable forestry森林可持续经营 sustainable forest management近自然森林经营 close-to-nature forest management森林生态系统经营 forest ecosystem management法正林 normal forest, balanced forest法正林分排列 normal distribution of stand法正龄级分配 no

    11、rmal age-class distribution, normal age-class arrangement法正生长量 normal increment法正收获量 normal yield; 又称“法正年伐量” 。法正蓄积法 method of regulating yield by comparing actual with normal crops; 又称“数式法” 。法正蓄积量 normal growing stock广义法正林 generalized normal forest; 又称“一般法正林” 。完全调整林 fully regulated forest近自然林业 close

    12、-to-nature forestry恒续林 continuous forest检查法 method of control, control method, check method, examination method; 又称 “稽核法” 。减反率法 Gentan probability method林龄空间 age-class space林龄向量 age-class vector林龄转移概率 age-class-transition probability(3)森林采运森林采伐 forest harvesting总生长量 total increment平均年生长量 mean annual

    13、 increment定期生长量 periodic increment年伐量 annual cut, annual yield年伐面积 annual coupe, annual cutting area标准采伐量 standard cut容许采伐量 allowable cut容许采伐单位 allowable cutting unit标准收获表 normal yield table主伐 harvest cutting, final felling主伐方式 system of cuttings主伐年龄 cutting rotation age, cutting age; 又称“伐期龄” 。补充主伐

    14、supplemental final cut, relogging皆伐 clear cutting渐伐 shelterwood cutting; 曾用名“伞伐” 。预备伐 preparatory cutting下种伐 seed cutting受光伐 light cutting后伐 removal cutting择伐 selection cutting经营择伐 management selection cutting, intensive selection cutting径级择伐 diameter limit selection cutting, extensive selection cut

    15、ting群状择伐 group-selection cutting采伐带 cutting strip带状渐伐 strip-shelterwood cutting带状皆伐 clearcutting in strips大面积皆伐 large area clearcutting采伐单元 cutting unit采伐迹地 cutting blank, cut-over area采伐迹地清理 slash disposal采伐季节 felling season采伐计划 cutting plan采伐列区 cutting series, felling series采伐剩余物 logging slash采伐剩余

    16、物利用机械 slash utilization machinery采伐顺序 cutting sequence采伐限额 cutting limit, cutting quota采伐许可证 felling licence采伐作业 logging operation打枝-造材-归堆机 delimber-bucker-buncher打枝 trimming, branching打枝机 delimber抚育采伐 intermediate cutting透光伐 cleaning, release cutting疏伐 thinning优势木 dominant tree亚优势木 codominant tree中

    17、等木 intermediate tree被压木 suppressed tree死亡木 dead tree上层疏伐 crown thinning, thinning from above下层疏伐 low thinning, thinning from below综合疏伐 combined method of thinning疏伐强度 thinning intensity卫生伐 sanitation cutting森林采运 logging森林采运工程 logging engineering, forest engineering串坡 ground sliding, ball hooting架空 索

    18、道 skyline, cableway架空 索道集材 skyline yarding, suspended cable yarding架空 索道运材 cableway hauling滑道 chute, slide滑道集材 chuting土滑道 dirt chute冰雪滑道 snow chute绞盘机 winch自行式绞盘机 mobile yarder绞盘机集材 high lead yarding自装集材拖拉机 self-loading skidder拖拉机集材 tractor skidding直升机集材 helicopter logging畜力集材 animal skidding碎料 part

    19、icle索道绞盘机 yarder, skyline winch索式输送机 cable conveyor索系 cable system贮木场 log yard贮木场库存量 inventory of log yard贮木场年吞吐量 annual input and output of log yard装车场 landing装车绞盘机 loading winch装卸机 loader and unloader经济材 出材量 merchantable volume商品材 merchantable log出材量表 timber assortment table出材率 out-put, percentage

    20、 of cut-turn材种 log assortment, log type车辆材 timber for vehicle采伐机械 felling machinery采伐联合机 forest harvesting combine, tree harvester; 完成伐木和其它一种或多种伐区作业的多功能自行式机械的总称。采运机械化 logging mechanization采运机械系统 logging machine system电动链锯 electric powered chain saw; 简称“电锯” 。定量疏伐 quantitative thinning二元材积表 standard v

    21、olume table, general volume table 大地域一般材积表伐倒木 felled tree伐倒木集材 whole tree logging伐根 stump伐根腐朽 stump rot伐根高 stump height伐木-打枝-归堆机 feller-delimber-buncher伐木-打枝-造材-归堆机 feller-delimber-bucker-buncher伐木-归堆机 feller-buncher伐木-集材机 feller-skidder伐木 felling伐木场 logging headquarter, logging camp伐木斧 felling axe伐

    22、木机 feller, felling machine伐木锯 felling saw上锯 口 felling cut; 俗称“上楂” 。下锯 口 undercut; 俗称“下楂” 。上方遮荫 overhead shading梢头木 topwood伐期收入 final income; 又称“主伐收入” 。伐前更新 prefelling regeneration伐区 cutting area割灌机 brush saw过伐 over cut, excessive felling后伐 removal cutting机械疏伐 mechanical thinning集材 skidding, yarding集

    23、材场 upper landing, forest depot; 又称“山上楞场” 。集材道 skidding road, skidding trail集材机械 skidding machinery集材拖拉机 skidder, logging tractor集运机 forwarder截梢 topping节子 knot经营类型 working group, working section, management class; 又称“作业级” 。锯材 sawn timber锯材原木 saw log造纸材 pulpwood; 又称“纸浆材” 。均匀渐伐 uniform shelterwood cutt

    24、ing坑木 pit props, mine timber块状渐伐 group-shelterwood cutting小块状皆伐 clearcutting in patches楞堆 log pile, log stack楞区 log pile area, stacking area链锯 chain saw面积控制法 area control method, area regulation method面积平分法 area frame work, area period method区划轮伐法 division into annual coupes平分法 frame work method, al

    25、lotment methods; 又称“分期法” 。数式平分法 formula method of periods by area and volume combined较差法 difference method蓄积控制法 volume control method, volume regulation method; 又称“材积控制法” 。蓄积配分法 volume-alloting method; 又称“材积配分法” 。蓄积平分法 volume frame work; 又称“材积平分法” 。折衷平分法 combined frame work, area and volume period m

    26、ethod期初蓄积 initial volume气球集材 balloon logging汽车列车运材 truck-trailer log hauling汽车运材 log transportation by truck, truck hauling汽油动力链锯 gasoline powered chain saw, chain saw; 简称“油锯” 。人力集材 manual skidding森林铁路 forest railroad森铁运材 forest railroad transportation水筏道 rafting channel运材 log transportation运材岔线 spu

    27、r road运材干线 main road, truck line运材挂车 logging trailer运材机械 log hauling machinery运材汽车 log truck运材支线 minor road, branch road造材 bucking, slashing造材链锯机 bucking chain saw竹编胶合板 bamboo mat plywood竹材胶合板 bamboo plywood竹滑道 bamboo chute竹排 bamboo raft(4)更新、造林、抚育无林地 造林 afforestation造林 forestation造林保存率 survival rat

    28、e of plantation造林成活率 survival rate造林地 planting site, planted land造林地清理 site preparation造林地整地 site preparation, soil preparation整地方法 method of soil preparation造林调查设计 plantation survey and project造林方法 method of forestation造林机械 afforestation and reforestation machinery造林季节 planting season造林密度 planting

    29、density造林区划 silvicultural regionalization种子 原产地 provenance, seed source; 又称“种源” 。适地适树 matching species with the site野生苗 wildling播种苗 tree seedling; 又称“实生苗” 。播种造林 seeding,direct seeding; 又称“直播造林 ”。植苗造林 tree planting植树机 tree planter植树锹 planting bar移植苗 transplant补植 reinforcement planting营养繁殖苗 planting s

    30、tock by vegetative propagation采穗圃 cutting orchard采种 seed collection种植点配置 spacing of planting spots, spacing of seeding spots种植计划 planting plan种植设计 planting design种子层积催芽 seed stratification种子采集处理机械 seed harvesting and processing machinery; 简称“种子机械” 。种子干燥机 seed drying machine种子检验 seed testing, seed qu

    31、ality examination种子清选机 seed cleaner种子区 seed zone种子园 seed orchard种子贮藏 seed storage插条机 cutting planter插条造林 planting by cuttings条播 strip sowing, drill sowing带播 belt sowing带土栽植 ball planting带状烧除 strip burning带状整地 strip soil preparation局部整地 partial soil preparation挖根犁 root plow挖坑机 earth auger挖穴式植树机 autom

    32、atic injection planter点播 spot sowing飞机播种 air seeding, aerial seeding; 简称“ 飞播” 。飞机种子撒播机 helicopter-mounted broadcaster根蘖更新 regeneration from root suckers更新修剪 renewal pruning固定苗圃 permanent nursery森林土壤 forest soil森林土壤学 forest soil science森林无性更新 vegetative forest regeneration块状整地 spot soil preparation全面

    33、整地 overall soil preparation深耕法 deep ploughing深栽钻孔机 deep planting auger水平沟 horizontal ditch, level trench水平阶 level bench水平梯田 bench terrace梯田埂造林 terrace ridge afforestation立地 site立地分类 site classification立地类型 site type立地评价 site evaluation林地清理机械 site preparation machinery林地土壤改良 forest land amelioration萌

    34、芽更新 regeneration from sprouts苗床 seedbed苗木 nursery stock, planting stock苗木包装 seedling packing苗木出圃 outplanting苗木打包机 seedling packing machine苗木分级 seedling sorting苗木移植机 seedling transplanter苗木贮藏 seedling storage母树 seed tree母树林 seed production stand森林种子更新 forest regeneration from seeds实生苗种子园 seedling see

    35、d orchard坡地植树机 steep slope tree planter坡式梯田 sloping terrace; 又称“宽埂梯田” 。起苗 lifting of seedlings起苗机 seedling lifter, plant lifter球果采集机 cone harvesting machine球果采摘机 cone picking machine球果干燥机 cone kiln球果破碎机 cone breaker球果脱粒机 seed extractor天然更新 natural regeneration人工促进更新 artificial measures promoting reg

    36、eneration人工更新 artificial reforestation容器苗 container seedling容器苗栽植器 planting tube容器育苗装播机 filling and sowing equipment for containerset容器制作机 containerset making machine撒播 broadcast sowing森林抚育机械 forest cultivation machinery森林改良土壤 amelioration with protection forest森林腐殖质 forest humus森林苗圃 forest nursery森

    37、林培育学 silviculture; 又称“造林学” 。森林遗传学 forest genetics修干枝 dry prunning修活枝 green prunning修枝 prunning修枝机 pruner营林机械 silviculture machinery营林机械化 silviculture mechanization营林机械系统 silviculture machine system幼林除草松土机 young stand cultivator幼林抚育 tending after young plantation育苗机械 seedling machinery育种区 breeding zo

    38、ne鱼鳞坑 fish scale pit(5)森林作业法森林作业法 silvicultural system乔林 high forest矮林 coppice forest矮林作业 coppice method中林 composite forest中林作业 coppice with standard method(6)林种“三北”防护林 “Three North ” protection forest; 指我国东北西部、华北、西北地区的防护林体系。道路防护林 road protection forest林种 forest category用材林 timber forest防护林 protecti

    39、on forest经济林 non-timber product forest 培育木材以外的其它林产品为主的森林。薪炭林 firewood forest, fuelwood forest特种用途林 forest for special use速生丰产林 fast-growing and high-yield plantation能源林 energy forest(7)树种乡土树种 indigenous tree species, native tree species先锋树种 pioneer tree species伴生树种 associated tree species耐寒树种 winter

    40、 hardy tree species耐荫树种 shade-tolerant tree species喜光树种 shade-intolerant tree species; 曾用名“阳性树种” 。喜温树种 thermophilous tree species旱生树种 xerophilous tree species湿生树种 hygrophilous tree species优势树种 dominant tree species亚优势树种 subdominant tree species稀有种 rare species濒危种 theratened species, endangered speci

    41、es特有种 endemic species中生树种 mesophilous tree species外来植物 exotic plant树种代码 species code树种选择 choice of tree species(8)树木树木生理学 tree physiology树木挖掘机 tree balling machine树木学 dendrology树木移植机 tree transplanting machine, tree spade树木育种 tree breeding树皮 bark树皮率 percent of bark树 干形 状 stem form干曲线 stem curve形高 fo

    42、rm height形率 form quotient形数 form factor形状指数 form exponent绝对形率 absolute form quotient实验形数 experimental form factor中央直径 mid-diameter胸高直 径 diameter at breast height, DBH胸高断面积 basal area, cross-sectional area at breast height胸高形率 artificial form quotient, breast height form quotient胸高形数 artificial form

    43、factor, breast height form factor正形率 normal form quotient正形数 normal form factor; 又称“标准形数” 。优树 superior tree标准木 sample tree; 又称“样木” 。带皮材积 volume outside bark带皮直径 diameter outside bark, DOB倒木 blow-down, dead-and-down根部腐朽 root rot; 简称“根腐” 。枯立木 snag, dead standing tree; 又称“站杆” 。枯梢病 die-back枯损量 mortality

    44、枯损模型 mortality model林木分级 tree classification林木改良 forest tree improvement林木生长预测系统 tree growth projection system林木信息 tree information林木选择 selection of tree林木引种 introduction of exotic species林木育种学 forest tree improvement, forest tree breeding林木种子 forest tree seed年轮 annual ring伪年轮 false ring牛顿求积式 Newton

    45、s formula西马林求积式 Simalians formula; 又称“平均断面积求积式” 。平均标准木法 method of mean sample tree, mean tree method平均木 average tree; 又称“中央木” 。区分求积 sectional measurement去皮材积 volume inside bark去皮直径 diameter inside bark, DIB全树利用 whole-tree utilization, complete-tree utilization全树削片机 whole-tree chipper形成层 cambium木质部 x

    46、ylem韧皮部 phloem, bast韧皮纤维 phloem fiber, bast fiber树 brood tree树病学 tree-pathology树丛 grove树蜂 horntail树干材积 stem volume树干解析 stem analysis树高 tree height树高级立木材积表 height class volume table树高曲线 height curve, diameter-height curve树冠火 crown fire树冠截留 crown interception树冠竞争因子 crown competition factor死地被物 forest

    47、floor; 又称“林褥” 。四旁植树 four-side tree planting; 指路旁、水旁、村旁、宅旁的植树。髓心 pith小径木 undersized log, small wood小头直径 top diameter行道树 street tree原木 log原木剥皮 log barking原木材积 log volume原木材积表 log volume table原木集材 log-length logging, short wood logging原条 tree-length, stem-length原条材积表 tree-length volume table原条集材 tree-length logging(9)森林保护自然资源 natural resources生物防治 biological control生物圈 biosphere生物圈保护区 biosphere reserve

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