1、/Listen this way 听力教程第三册-6Unit 6 Find the Right Words Part I Getting ready Audioscript: The English language can be traced back to prehistoric Indo-European through the West Germanic line. However, many other influences have shaped the development of Modern English. We will review some important dat
2、es in the history of the English language. The first three are Latin influences: 1. In 5,5 B.C. Caesar conquered Britain and the Celtic people. 2. In 43. B.C. Rome colonized the island. 3. The Romans remained for 400 years (the first four centuries of the Christian Era). The next significant dates w
3、ere: 4. The year 499 (which was the year of the Anglo-Saxon conquest of the island). 5. From 500 on, the West Germanic language was the basic language of Britain (or England). Influences from other languages continued however. 6. In the sixth and seventh centuries England was Christianized by /missi
4、onaries sent by the Pope (so that Latin influence continued). Then, 7. In the eig11th and ninth centuries the Norsemen (Vikings), invaded England with their Old Norse language. 8. In 1066. the Norman Conquest brought French linguistic influence. 9. The French influence continued for 300 years (the n
5、inth century through the 11th century). 10. And finally, in the fifteen and sixteen hundreds, when classical learning was revived, there was continued Latin language influence. Audioscript: 1. People are delighted if you can speak their language, and they dont care how well you speak it. They are no
6、t upset when you make mistakes. I think in order to learn, you mustnt be afraid of making mistakes. 2. Im a very shy person and its not easy for me to talk to strangers. But you have to force yourself to talk to people. Thats what I did and it really helped me. 3. I think the best language learners
7、are people with a sense of humor. Try to laugh at your own mistakes and dont take yourself too seriously. Youll find that other people will be sympathetic when you make mistakes. /4. I took two courses in business studies. I read, studied, listened to lectures and took notes in English. It was a ver
8、y good experience for me because I didnt have time to think about the language. I recommend forgetting about the grammar and thinking about the meaning instead. 5. In my experience, learning a foreign language always involves a lot of time, a lot of boring work and lots of problems! In short, if you
9、 want to learn another language you have to work hard. 6. Try to read as much as you can. I think thats the best way to improve your English and to learn more new words. I always try to read something in English everyday. Part II Skills to communicate bad news Audioscript: Avi Arditti：Im Avi Arditti
10、 with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on Wordmaster: giving doctors better skills to communicate bad news. Rosanne Skirble：Anthony Back is a medical oncologist at the University of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. He and four colleagues are in /the fifth year lead
11、ing a program funded with one and one-half million dollars from the National Cancer Institute. Avi Arditti：Doctor Back says specially trained actors play cancer patients to help oncologists learn how to avoid sounding insensitive when the prognosis is grim. Anthony Back：Probably the biggest misconce
12、ption I face is that youre either born with this or youre not. In fact, what the research shows is that people learn to do this over time. And the way they learn to do it is they see good role models, they practice, they get specific feedback on what theyre doing, they try-out new things, they innov
13、ate and develop new conversational practices for themselves. Avi Arditti：Can you give us some examples of those conversational practices - what are some ways to impart bad news? Anthony Back：Heres an example: The patient has had cancer in the past, has been doing well and is coming in for some routi
14、ne follow-up tests. The routine follow-up tests unexpectedly show the cancer has started to come back. The doctor will typically go in and say to the patient, /“Guess what, your cancers back.“ And the patient will be just blown away, right? There are a couple of practices there that doctors can do t
15、hat can help. One is to start with - especially if you dont know the patient - asking what the patient expected, what did they understand about their cancer, what were they expecting with this test. Because if the patient says to you “You know, they didnt tell me anything. Im just here because I got
16、 this appointment in the mail,“ thats one whole kind of comprehension level. Whereas if the patient says “I had a Tl Nl MO lung cancer and they told me I had a fifty-five percent chance of disease recurrence in the next two years,“ thats a whole different story, right? The second thing is that after
17、 you give this difficult news, then I think its really important to address both the cognitive reaction and also the kind of the emotional side of it. Rosanne Skirble： What are some of the phrases or the ways in which you can couch this news? Anthony Back：You know, the way to make it easier is to ma
18、ke sure that you are going from the context the patient drew /for you. So you go from what the patient understands and you try to use their words as much as possible. And then, when you get to the really bad part of the news, I think its actually important to be direct and concrete and not to couch
19、the news. Its better to say “The cancer has come back“ than to say “There are hypo-densities in your liver on the CT“ (or) “You have a malignancy.“ All those euphemisms force patients to struggle to understand whats happening to them, and it adds to their confusion and distress. Rosanne Skirble: ：We
20、ll, should they say things like “I wish things were different“ or “I hope for the best,“ or should a doctor kind of maintain a distance? Anthony Back：You know, my thought about that actually is that the more skilled the physician, the less they have to distance themselves. There are some phrases tha
21、t we use, and the most important ones are really the ones that are about empathy for the patient. You know, “I see this is a difficult situation, I see this is not what you expected, Im hoping for the best.“ And I think its fine for doctors to talk about hope, and I think its important actually. /Av
22、iArditti： Let me ask you, have you seen any cultural differences come up in the training programs as youve had doctors go through? Anthony Back：You know, we have actually a very multicultural group of physicians who come, and they all bring in all their own different values about how frank should pe
23、ople be. Because the American standard, of course, is that patients themselves get all the information, they make the decision themselves, and theres this very strong emphasis on autonomy. And in a lot of other cultures thats really not the case. Rosanne Skirble：And what got you started in the first
24、 place? Anthony Back：What got me started was, when I was an oncology trainee, and this was after a personal experience - my mother had died of a pre-leukemia kind of thing - I remember walking around in the bone-marrow transplant wards with this experienced - it was this other, older senior physicia
25、n - going around having these life-and-death conversations with patients and thinking, God, there has got to be a better way to do this. /Avi Arditti：The result, says Doctor Anthony Back in Seattle, is a program that has now trained about one hundred-eighty oncologists at retreats held twice a year.
26、 The program Web site is oncotalk.info - thats o-n-c-o-t-a-l-k dot i-n-f-o. Part III Foreign accents Audioscript: Section I As far as Im concerned, I do tend to judge people I meet by their accents. I dont mean that Im a sort of snob, and only like people with posh accents, but I never feel comforta
27、ble with a new person until Ive been able to place them from the way they speak. If its an English person, I feel much more at ease if I can say “Ah, he comes form Liverpool“, or “Hes probably been to public school“. I suppose then I know what to talk about and what to expect from the other person.
28、The same is true of foreigners. Personally, I prefer a foreigner to speak with a recognizable foreign accent, so that I know that Im talking to a Frenchman, a Ghanaian, a Pole, and so on. So for me, it seems a bit pointless for foreigners to try desperately hard to get rid of their national accent a
29、nd try to speak BBC English. If someone is /clearly French, I know theres no point in talking about cricket or making jokes about the Irish. And frankly, I think it even sounds more attractive. I cant really explain why, but if a person has a foreign accent, they seem to be more interesting, even if
30、 they are saying the most ordinary things. Audioscript: Section II Mind you, there is a limit to intelligibility. If the accent is so strong that you have a struggle to understand what they are saying, then that gets in the way of the conversation, and the flow is broken while you try to sort out th
31、e sounds into meaningful bits. I dont mean an accent as strong as that. Im talking about the kind of accent where you can tell immediately which country the person comes from, but where theyve got enough English to carry on a good conversation without searching for words, or messing up the grammar s
32、o that you lose the thread. I suppose its the kind of accent most foreigners have, really. To be honest, its only a very few who have such a good ear that they produce more or less genuine British English, and even then it can be quite amusing because they may have picked up a clearly regional accen
33、t, or even a very upper-class accent which doesnt fit in with their character at all. But most foreigners who learn English are /desperately keen to get rid of their foreign accents and waste a lot of time trying to do so. Part IV More about the topic: Love and Grammar Audioscript: Are you looking f
34、or love? When you want to impress a potential girlfriend or boyfriend, you take great care with your appearance and try to be on your best behaviour. But . . . what about your grammar? Do you check if you are using verbs and commas properly? If not, youd better think again. The research arm of datin
35、g site OKCupid has suggested that bad grammar can ruin your love life. It looked at 500 000 first contacts on the site and concluded that “netspeak, bad grammar and bad spelling are huge turn-offs“. On the other hand, the correct use of apostrophes seems to be quite an aphrodisiac. Using “dont“ and
36、“wont“ caused better than average response rates says the research. American writer Twist Phelan, who went on 100 online dates in 100 days and later married someone she met online, believes that grammar is an important “filter system“ for prospective partners. She /says: “If youre trying to date a w
37、oman, I dont expect flowery Jane Austen prose. But arent you trying to put your best foot forward?“ Perhaps you think you are ready to start looking for an English-speaking girlfriend or boyfriend. Am I right? You go online, look at the picture and start calling him or her “beautiful“, “gorgeous“ an
38、d “sexy“ before you meet. Will it work? The research says it wont! The wrong adjective can put a full stop on a potential relationship. People enjoy receiving compliments but not when they sound like a pick-up line. General compliments such as “cool“, “its nice that .“ and “awesome“ got good respons
39、es from the dating site users. So now you are ready. Keep your wits about you because many things online are not what they seem; and watch your vocabulary and punctuation. Some say that a comma might even save lives - as in the example: “Lets eat, my darling!“ as opposed to “Lets eat my darling!“ Ca
40、n you see which one would grant you a meal with your date and which one would land you in jail? Part V Do you know .? /Audioscript: Alex：Hello, Carole? Is that you? Carole：Alex! What on earth are you doing . a stupid question, youre doing the same as I am. Alex：What are you laughing at? Carole： Well
41、, actually Im just reading this article in Punch. Its the Franglais column. Its very funny. Alex：Oh, yes, yes, er . Carole：I know this is only a spoof, but I think these adaptions of English into French or French into English can be very funny. How does it occur actually? Alex：Oh, I suppose it came
42、after the war, you know when the Americans were in France and a lot of English words and expressions came into French. Er . Carole：Oh, I see, yes, so . Alex：But after that there was a strong reaction against it, I think. /Carole：You mean people dont. arent very keen on it. A sort of linguistic imper
43、ialism. Alex：Exactly, yes, er, take the ex . example like “lift“ you see. Weve got no, no word in French for “lift“. Carole：You mean “lift“, the thing that goes up and down . Alex：No, no. No, no, I mean, erm, would you like a lift home or something like that. Carole： Mm. Alex：Would you like a lift.
44、What would you say in French? You would say something like, er, can I take you home with my car? Carole：Oh, I see, so . Alex：Its so much easier to say er, would you like a lift, you see. Carole：. I see, so in fact its often for words that theres no equivalent for in. Alex：Yes, that. thats it, yes. C
45、arole：. in French. /Alex：Yes. Carole：Or something . I suppose the same would apply to something like erm, “le weekend“. Alex：Yes, yes. That goes a bit . that goes back a bit. Yes, I suppose it was something er, before, even before the first World War. Carole：Oh, that ones really old. Are there any m
46、ore recent examples? Alex：Er, oh yes. “Speakerine“ is a good example. Carole：Speakerine? Alex：Speakerine, yes. Carole：That doesnt even sound French. That sounds more German. Alex：Yes, its a bit of a monster actually. You know, it means an announcer or a, a newsreader. Carole：Oh, I see, on the, on th
47、e box! Alex：Yes. /Carole：And there are other things, arent there, that are distortions like that. Erm . oh, whats the one I can, erm . “le smoking“ . Alex：Ah, le smoking, yes. Carole：. which means, er, dinner jacket in English . Alex：And we say smoking in French. Its very strange, in fact. But youve
48、 got another one, “the training“, the training. And you . Carole：Whats that? Alex：Oh, its like, its like a pyjama in French. And you will say, I dont know, er. Carole：The pyjama? Alex：. children its getting late, erm, put, put your training on and go to bed. Carole：How peculiar, because I mean, trai
49、ning means something quite different. Are there any other reasons why we borrow, why the French borrow words, borrow English words? Alex：Er, snob value, I suppose. /Carole：Oh, really. Alex：Oh, yes. Er . Carole：You mean English words are snobbish in French? Alex：Yes. They would, they would take a word like “building“ and think its much better to live in a building than to be - to live in a house. Carole：How strange, because building is such . Alex：So we say building; we are living in the bu
