1、端脑 Telencephalon,1，端脑的外形和分叶 2，端脑的内部结构： （1）大脑皮质 （2）大脑半球的髓质 （3）基底核 （4）侧脑室 3，边缘系统,端脑的外形和分叶,The lobes of the hemisphere （大脑半球的分叶）： Frontal lobe 额叶 Parietal lobe 顶叶 Occipital lobe 枕叶 Temporal lobe 颞叶 Insular lobe 岛叶,顶枕沟,距状沟,大脑半球上外侧面 The superolateral surface of cerebral hemisphere,大脑半球内侧面The medial surfa
2、ce of cerebral hemisphere,侧副沟,枕颞沟,齿状回,钩,海马旁回,海马,Temporal pole,大脑半球的内侧面环绕胼胝体周围和侧脑室下角底壁的结构，包括隔区，即胼胝体下区和终板旁回、扣带回、海马旁回、海马和齿状回等，加上岛叶前部、颞极，在进化上属于古、旧皮质，合称为边缘叶。,边缘系统，由边缘叶及其他有关的皮质和皮质下结构如杏仁体、下丘脑、上丘脑、背侧丘脑前核和中脑被盖等共同组成。,端脑的内部结构,（1）大脑皮质 （2）侧脑室 （3）基底核 （4）大脑半球的髓质,DR. KORBINIAN BRODMANN (1868-1918),Brodmann is respo
3、nsible for establishing the basis upon which the present day science of comparative cytoarchitectonics of the mammalian cortex rests. All confusion of brain area nomenclature disappeared with Brodmann contribution.,Brodmanns map or Brodmanns 52 areas,Phineas Gages accident,Phineas Gage became one of
4、 the first lesion case studies in 1848 when an explosion drove a large iron rod completely through his head, destroying one or both of his frontal lobes. He recovered with no apparent sensory, motor, or gross cognitive deficits, but with behavior so altered that friends described him as “no longer b
5、eing Gage,“ suggesting that the damaged areas are involved in “higher functions“ such as personality.,DR. PAUL BROCA (1824-1880),From his presentation and from other ongoing observations he concluded that the integrity of the left frontal convolution was responsible and necessary for articular speec
6、h. David Ferrier (1843-1928) is responsible for naming this region “Broca convolution- the motor speech area.“,Wilder Penfield: mapping the motor cortex,Wilder Penfield, a pioneering brain surgeon, mapped the motor cortex using mild electric current. During these operations, Penfield watched for any
7、 movement of the patients bodies. From this information, he was able to map the motor cortex, the very part of the brain you can map in this features activity. In the 1940s, while operating on epileptic patients, Penfield applied electric currents to the surface of patients brains in order to find p
8、roblem areas. Since the patients were awake during the operations, they could tell Penfield what they were experiencing. Probing some areas triggered whole memory sequences. For one patient, Penfield triggered a familiar song that sounded so clear, the patient thought it was being played in the oper
9、ating room.,大脑皮质机能定位Functional localization of the cerebral cortex,大脑皮质由三大基本区域组成 1) 顶叶、颞叶和枕叶接受感觉信息并处理概念意义 2) 额叶负责运动调控、判断、洞察和情绪生成 3) 边缘叶负责内脏活动控制,感觉区Sensory area:躯体感觉、视觉和听觉区,运动区Motor area: 主要为躯体运动区,内脏活动控制区Visceral control area:,联络皮质Association cortex: 指剩余的新皮质区,第一躯体运动区Primary motor A.,第一躯体感觉区Primary so
10、mesthetic A.,听话中枢Auditory language A.,阅读中枢Visual language A.,视觉中枢Visual A.,说话中枢Motor speech,书写中枢Writing A.,听觉中枢Auditory A.,嗅觉中枢Olfactory A.,内脏调节中枢Visceral regulating center,皮质机能定位Functional localization,Wernicke区,第一躯体运动区的三个特征 Three features of the primary motor area: 形成锥体束的锥体细胞轴突下行至对侧脑干和脊髓控制随意运动 身体的
11、代表区呈倒置形 身体的代表区面积与身体的实际面积不成比例,第一躯体感觉区具有同样的三个特征 The same features are also found on the primary somatosensory area,The amount of cortex devoted to a body region is related to the sensitivity of that region, but not to the size of the region,来自一侧身体的上行感觉纤维交叉到对侧感觉区 身体的代表区呈倒置形 身体的代表区面积与身体的实际面积不成比例,Main la
12、nguage areas. These are poorly delimited in humans and highly variable among individuals. In most (90%), these are in the left hemisphere, which makes this the dominant one. In some, these areas are in the right hemisphere, and in some, they are distributed across both sides.,语言中枢 Main language area
13、s,三种探索大脑皮质功能区的现代方法 Three modern ways for mapping functional area of the Brain,Metabolic processes such as the blood supply, oxygen or sugar consumption of the working brain are made visible and can be studied in detail with the aid of positron emission tomography (PET).,In single-photon emission com
14、puter tomography (SPECT), radiolabelled substances are also injected into the blood stream and accumulate in certain areas of the brain. The images can be used for clinical applications and for mapping functional area of the brain.,Functional magnetic resonance tomography (fMRT) provides detailed im
15、ages of the living brain and localizes centers of activity without radiation exposure. The scientists can recognize which areas of the brain are, for example, active during thought.,睡梦-视觉-记录 Dream catcher. Researchers collected reports of dreamed images from people awoken after sleeping in an MRI ma
16、chine. Science-2013-6128-p21,侧脑室 Lateral ventricle,The lateral ventricle is divided into four portions: 中央部 Central part：位于顶叶 前角 Anterior horn：伸入额叶 下角 Inferior horn：伸入颞叶 后角 Posterior horn：伸入枕叶,Basal nuclei,Corpus striatum 纹状体,Claustrum 屏状核,Amygdaloid body 杏仁体,基底核 Basal nuclei,Caudate nucleus 尾状核,Len
17、tiform nucleus 豆状核,Putamen 壳,Globus pallidus 苍白球,Corpus striatum 纹状体,新纹状体Neostriatum: caudate nucleus and putamen 旧纹状体Paleostriatum: globus pallidus,基底核的3维重建 3-dimensional reconstruction of the basal nuclei A C 由外侧向内侧,大脑的白质Cerebral white matter commissural fibers连合纤维 association fibers联络纤维 projectio
18、n fibers投射纤维,连合纤维Commissural fibers 是连合左、右半球皮质的纤维，包括胼胝体、前连合和穹隆连合 胼胝体Corpus callosum broad band lying superior to the lateral ventricles deep within the longitudinal fissure / rostrum genu trunk splenium on cross section,2)前连合Anterior commissure a small bundle of fibers crossing the midline in the la
19、mina terminalis,Roger Wolcott Sperry,In his Nobel-winning work, Sperry and Gazzaniga tested four out of ten patients who had undergone an operation, designed to treat epileptics with intractable grand mal seizures, involves severing the corpus callosum, the area of the brain used to transfer signals
20、 between the right and left hemispheres.,Roger Wolcott Sperry (August 20, 1913 April 17, 1994) a neuropsychologist, neurobiologist, won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work with split-brain research,Sperry and his colleagues tested these patients with tasks that were known to be dependent o
21、n specific hemispheres of the brain and demonstrated that the two halves of the brain may each contain consciousness. In his words, each hemisphere is indeed a conscious system in its own right, perceiving, thinking, remembering, reasoning, willing, and emoting, all at a characteristically human lev
22、el, and . . . both the left and the right hemisphere may be conscious simultaneously in different, even in mutually conflicting, mental experiences that run along in parallel.,Cerebral Organization and Behavior: The split brain behaves in many respects like two separate brains, providing new researc
23、h possibilities.,3) Fornix 穹窿 fornical commissure 穹窿连合,穹窿Fornix: myelinated fibers originating from the hippocampus that passes to the mammillary body; 穹窿连合Fornical commissure: consists of transverse fibers that cross the midline from the posterior column of the fornix to another before the formatio
24、n of the body of fornix,穹窿,穹窿连合,Association fiber 联络纤维,钩束: 连接额、颞叶的前部,上纵束: 连接额、顶、枕、颞叶,下纵束: 连接枕叶和颞叶,扣带: 连接边缘叶各部,投射纤维 Projection fibers- 内囊 internal capsule,内囊 Internal capsule: formed by the afferent and efferent fibers passing to and from brainstem to the entire cerebral cortex / flanked medially by
25、the caudate nucleus and thalamus, laterally by the lentiform nucleus,放射冠 Corona radiata: the band of fibers which radiate in all directions to the cerebral cortex after they emerged superiorly from between the nuclear masses of thalamus, caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus,The portions on horizont
26、al section 内囊在水平切面上分为三部: 前肢 anterior limb 、后肢 posterior limb、膝 genu,前肢Anterior limb,丘脑前辐射 Anterior thalamic radiation 额桥束 Frotopontine fibers,膝 Genu,皮质核束 Coticonuclear tract,后肢Posterior limb,皮质脊髓束Coticospinal tract,皮质红核束Corticorubral tract,丘脑中央辐射 Central thalamic radiation,视辐射Optic radiation,听辐射Acoustic radiation,经过内囊的纤维束 Fibrous tracts within the internal capsule:,颞桥束 Temporopontine fibers,
