1、2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak
2、 its name. But Gregory Cochran is to say it anyway. He is that bird, a 大 1家 大 2家scientist who works independently any institution. He helped 大 3家popularize the idea that some diseases not thought to have a 大 4家bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first
3、 suggested.he, however, might tremble at the of what he is about 大 5家 大 6家to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only that one group of humanity is more intelligent 大 7家than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in are a
4、particular people originated from central 大 8家Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 12-15 points above 大 9家the value of 100, and have contributed to the 大 10家 大 11家intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the of their 大 12家elites, including several w
5、orld-renowned scientists, . They 大 13家also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, , have 大 14家previously been thought unrelated. The former has been to 大 15家social effects, such as a strong tradition of education. The 大 16家latt
6、er was seen as a (an) of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran 大 17家suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately . 大 18家His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 大 19家them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this state of affairs.大 20家1. A selected B prep
7、ared C obliged D pleased2. A unique B particular C special D rare3. A of B with C in D against4. A subsequently B presently C previously D lately5. A Only B So C Even D Hence6. A thought B sight C cost D risk7. A advises B suggests C protests D objects8. A progress B fact C need D question9. A attai
8、ning B scoring C reaching D calculating10. A normal B common C mean D total11. A unconsciously B disproportionatelyC indefinitely D unaccountably12. A missions B fortunes C interests D careers13. A affirm B witness C observe D approve14. A moreover B therefore C however D meanwhile15. A given up B g
9、ot over C carried on D put down16. A assessing B supervising C administeringD valuing17. A development B origin C consequence D instrument18. A linked B integrated C woven D combined19. A limited B subjected C converted D directed20. A paradoxical B incompatible C inevitable D continuousSection IIRe
10、ading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesira
11、ble category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans AdministrationHospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow af
12、fect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those
13、 of the males.Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “Its not necessarily that women dont cope as well. Its just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than me
14、ns,” she observes, “its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.
15、Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The w
16、ear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, a
17、nd get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses
18、Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarezs experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true acc
19、ording to the first two paragraphs?A Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.B Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.C Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.D Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehudas research suggests
20、 that womenA need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.B have limited capacity for tolerating stress.C are more capable of avoiding stress.D are exposed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to beA domestic and temporary.B irregular and violent.C durable a
21、nd frequent.D trivial and random.24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows thatA Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.B Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.C Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.D Alvarez paid practically everything
22、by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Strain of Stress: No Way Out?B Responses to Stress: Gender DifferenceC Stress Analysis: What Chemicals SayD Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2Itused to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in
23、 the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Co
24、pyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting
25、 access to it is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of VictoriaUniversity in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,
26、 makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide dis
27、tribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in
28、 these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the reports authors. There i
29、s the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are op
30、en-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before makin
31、g it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discussesA the background information of journal editing.B the publication routine of laborator
32、y reports.C the relations of authors with journal publishers.D the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?A It criticizes government-funded research.B It introduces an effective means of publication.C It upsets profit-making journal publisher
33、s.D It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in thatA it provides an easier access to scientific results.B it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.C it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.D it facilitates publi
34、c investment in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required toA cover the cost of its publication.B subscribe to the journal publishing it.C allow other online journals to use it freely.D complete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the
35、 following best summarizes the text?A The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.B A new mode of publication is emerging.C Authors welcome the new channel for publication.D Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in
36、the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the
37、 growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, todays people especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for m
38、any generations apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they arent likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, weve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of WrightStateUniversity. In the
39、 case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients notably, proteintofeed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th
40、century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Contr
41、ol and Prevention, average height 59 for men, 54 for women hasnt really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright
42、for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Nort
43、hwesternUniversity.Genetic maximums can change, but dont expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the ArmyResearchCenter in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketbal
44、l, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use todays data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example toA illustrate
45、 the change of height of NBA players.B show the popularity of NBA players in the U.SC compare different generations of NBA players.D assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?A Genetic modification.B Natural environ
46、ment.C Living standards.D Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?A Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.B Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.C Americans are the tallest on average in the world.D Larger babies tend
47、 to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near futureA the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.B the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.C genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.D the existing data of human height wil
48、l still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us thatA the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.B human height is becoming even more predictable.C Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.D the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.Thats a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most
