1、Chapter 1 PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION,海南师范大学 计算机系 吴 丽 华 13518847606,Contents,1.1 Computer Hardware 1.2 Computer Codes 1.3 What is a Processor 1.4 Memory Systems 1.5 Input/Output System 1.6 Buses and Controllers,1.1 Computer Hardware,New words and expressions(1): computer 计算机 diverse 不同的，变化多
2、的 microwave oven 微波炉 hardware 硬件 software 软件 block diagram 结构图，简图 component 组件,physical 物理的 medium 中间的，中等的 mainframe 大型机 cabinet 机柜 briefcase 公文包 minicomputer 小型机 microcomputer 微型机,New words and expressions(2):,metric 公制的 prefix 前缀 microsecond 物理的 significant figure 有效数（字） approximation 近似值e.q: The
3、metric system 公制Signify 表示，意味着，有重要性 Signify、significant、 significance 意义，重要,New words and expressions(3):,computer system 计算机系统 information processing 信息处理 general-purpose machine 通用机 special-purpose machine 专用机 input device 输入设备 output device 输出设备 main memory 主存储器 Central Processing Unit 中央处理器,Tech
4、nical terms(1):,information flow 信息流 bus 总线 configuration 配置 physical 物理的 instruction 指令 set of instructions 指令集 program 程序,Technical terms(2):,CPU (Central Processing Unit)I/O devices (Input/Output devices)giga- (G)mega- (M)kilo- (K),Abbreviations:,Computer systems consist of hardware and software.
5、 Hardware is the physical part of the system. Software is the set of programs that instruct the hardware and is easier to modify than hardware.,Content(1):,The function of a computer system.,Every computer has four basic hardware components:Input devicesOutput devicesMain memoryCentral Processing Un
6、it,Content(2):,The Four components of a computer system.,Computer hardware is often classified by its relative physical size: Small microcomputer Medium minicomputer Large mainframeCentral Processing Unit,Content(3):,Generally speaking, users want a fast CPU and large amounts of storage, but a physi
7、cally small machine for the I/O devices and main memory.,Content(4):,1.2 Computer Codes,New words(1): capacity 容量 string 字符串 digit 数字 binary 二进制 decimal 十进制 code 代码，编码 alphanumeric 包括字母数字的,capital letter 大写字母 lower-case letter 小写字母 punctuation mark 标点符号 arrangement 排列 vendor 供货商 infallible 没有错误的 hum
8、idity 湿度，潮湿 odd 奇数的 even 偶数的,New words(2):,character 字符 binary numbering system 二进制编码系统 Coding scheme 编码方案 Binary Coded Decimal二进制编码的十进制方案 American Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息交换用标准代码,Technical terms(1):,Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange 扩展的二-十进制交换码 check bit 检查位 parity bit
9、 (奇偶)校验位 even-parity 偶校验 odd-parity 奇校验 parity checking 奇偶校验 coding error 编码错误,Technical terms(2):,Although the capacity of their storage locations can vary, every computer stores numbers, letters, and other characters in a coded form. Every character in storage is represented by a string of 0s and
10、1sthe only digits found in the binary numbering system. Most computers use a coded version of true binary to represent decimal numbers.,Content(1):,Although many coding schemes have been developed over the years, the most popular of these use a binary coded decimal (BCD) approach. The most popular c
11、ode used to represent data internally in personal computer is ASCII.Detecting Coded Errors.,Content(2):,1.3 What is a Processor,New words and expressions(1):processor 处理器interpret 解释carry out 执行step-by-step 按部就班的awesome 可怕的，惊人的timer 定时器electrical signal 电信号,pulse 脉冲megahertz 兆赫兹tick 滴答声workspace 工作空
12、间supervise 监督，管理，指导analogous 类似的，相似的logical 逻辑的computational 计算的,New words and expressions(2):,functional unit 功能部件instruction set 指令集，指令系统machine instruction 机器指令machine language 机器语言high-level programming language高级编程语言,Technical terms(1):,clock 时钟electric signal 电信号electrical engineering 电子工程addr
13、ess 地址control unit 控制部件arithmetic/ logic unit 算术/逻辑部件register 寄存器,Technical terms(2):,storage location 存储单元word size 字长word length 字长operation 操作码operand 操作数,Technical terms(3):,A processor is a functional unit that interprets and carries out instructions. Every processor comes with a unique set of
14、operations such as ADD, STORE, or LOAD that represent the processors instruction set. An instruction is made up of operations that specify the function to be performed and operands that represent the data to be operated on.,Content(1):,A processor is composed of two functional unit-a control unit an
15、d an arithmetic/logic unit-and a set of special workspaces called registers. 1. The control unit is a functional unit that is responsible for supervising the operation of the entire computer system. 2. The arithmetic and logic unit is the functional unit that provides the computer with logical and c
16、omputational capabilities. 3. A register is a storage location inside the processor.,Content(2):,An important factor that affects the speed and performance of a processor is the size of the registers.,Content(3):,1.4 Memory Systems,New words(1):desiderata 需求constraint 约束，强制latency 等待时间mutually 互相地，互
17、助exclusive 排斥的semiconductor 半导体for example. mutual understanding our mutual friends Smith,hierarchy 层次，层级bandwidth 带宽vacant 空的，空白的volatile 易失性的，不稳定的nonpermanent 非永久性的built-in 内置的，固有的,New words(2):,data set 数据集magnetic memory technology 磁存储技术hierarchical memory 存储器层次结构cache 高速缓存 (隐藏所)real memory 实存储器
18、main memory 主存储器,Technical terms(1):,magnetic disk 磁盘program-managed 程序管理的paged virtual memory 页式虚拟内存instruction 指令page frame ( frame) 页帧address space 地址空间allocation of spaces 存贮空间Dynamic RAM(DRAM) 动态随机存储器virtual , virtually 实际上的，实际上的,Technical terms(2):,page 页block 块interface 接口Random-Access Memory
19、 随机访问存储器 the control unit 控制部件Read-Only Memory 只读存储器Hard-wired 硬连接Boot 引导start up 启动,Technical terms(3):, disk drive 磁盘驱动器 floppy disk（diskette） 软磁盘 write once, read many 一次写多次读(WORM) Compact Disk ROM 只读光盘(CD-ROM) magnetic tape 磁带 Chip 芯片,Technical terms(4):,Random-Access Memory (RAM) Dynamic RAM (D
20、RAM) Read-Only Memory (ROM) write once, read many (WORM) Compact Disk ROM (CD-ROM),Abbreviations:,The memory system has three desiderata: (1) Size：infinitely large (2) Speed: infinitely fast (3) Cost: lowest-cost,Content(1):,To compare a practical memory and an ideal memory.,Hierarchical memory,Cont
21、ent(2):,Fast Small High Cost,Slow Very Large Very Low Cost,The memory system has a hierarchy of levels: The memory closest to the processor is fast and relatively small, but has a high cost per bit. This level is called the cache; The real memory, sometimes known as main memory, is slower, larger, a
22、nd has a lower cost per bit than the cache; The lowest level in the hierarchy is usually a magnetic disk that has the longest latency and the lowest bandwidth; however, it can be very large and has a very low cost per bit.,Content(2):,Paged Virtual Memory Paged virtual memory provides the solution t
23、o the first desideratum of a very large memorys being available to the processor. With the virtual memory, the processor addresses the disk, the large, slow end of the hierarchy. When information is moved between virtual -memory space and real-memory space, a complete page is moved.,Content(3):,Page
24、 allocation and address translation,Processor,Real Memory,Virtual Memory,Caches For modern processors the cache usually has a latency of one processor clock, so that instructions and data may be fetched without delay except when the referenced item is not in the cache.,Content(4):,Real memory and ca
25、che allocation,Real Memory,Virtual Memory,cache,Memory devices (1) Random-Access Memory (2) Read-Only Memory (3) Magnetic Disks (4) CD-ROMs (5) Magnetic Tape,Content(5):,1.5 Input / Output System,New words(1): facilities 便利，设备, 设施 diverse 不同的，变化多的 sink 沉下，下沉 autonomous 自治的 interactive 交互式的 Source 源
26、Destination 目标，目的facility 灵巧，熟练facilities 设备, 设施 pubic health facilities,New words(2):,participation 共享，参与 bypass 忽略，旁路 thermometer 温度计，体温计 Argument 参数，参量,latency 等待时间 bandwidth 带宽 modem 调制解调器 hard disk 磁盘，硬盘 code conversion 代码转换 programmed I/O 程序控制I/O coprocessor I/O 协处理器I/O memory-mapped I/O 存储器映射
27、I/O For example: modulate 调制, 调整，调节(声音)demodulate 解调,Technical terms(1):,interrupt 中断 path 通路，路径 multiprocessor 多处理器 synchronization 同步化 coherency 相关，相干 Direct Memory Access 直接存储器存取 channel 通道，信道 Input/Output system 输入/输出系统 Memory-address space 内存地址空间,Technical terms(2):,buffering 缓冲 accumulator 累加器
28、 peripheral 外围，外围设备 pattern of bits 位模式 load 装入，加载 Store 存入，存贮 Hardware-oriented 面向硬件 Software-oriented 面向软件 Object-oriented 面向对象,Technical terms(3):,Input/Output (I/O) Direct Memory Access (DMA) Hard disk (HD) Read /Write (R/W) 读/写操作,Abbreviations:,The I/O system provides these storage facilities b
29、y connecting the processors memory to the I/O devices. These devices vary widely in latency and bandwidth; thus, a major function of the I/O system is to match their latencies and bandwidths to that of the memory system. I/O devices consist of such diverse items as keyboards, modems, and hard disks.
30、,Content(1):,The major tasks of the I/O system are the following: To establish the connection between the memory and the I/O devices; To synchronize and manage the control of the data transfer; To provide buffering when the source and sink bandwidths and latencies differ; To perform code conversions
31、 if required; To interrupt the processor when required; To terminate the operation when it is completed.,Content(2):,Control includes several categories as following:Programmed I/OMemory-Mapped I/OInterrupt I/OCoprocessor I/O,Content(3):,I/O Registers,1. Programmed I/OProgrammed I/O , also known as
32、direct I/O, is accomplished by a program executing on the processor itself to control the I/O operations and transfer the data. , . that are addressed by special move instruction.,Processor,I/O Devices,Memory,Data,control,Data,Inst.,2. Memory-Mapped I/O Memory-Mapped I/O is another form of Programme
33、d I/O that maps the device connections to bits in the memory address space. An output command is a normal store instruction . An input command is a normal load instruction .,Example : The Intel Penetium Pro Memory-Mapped I/O Allocation.,FFFF FFFF H,0000 0000 H,3. Interrupt I/OThe processor sends a c
34、ommand to the device, to start its operation. After the request is made to the device, the processor returns to the main program. When the device is ready to transfer, the device sends an interrupt signal to the processor and the processor services the interrupt and performs the data transfer .,inte
35、rrupt signal,Programmed I/O paths,4. Coprocessor I/OThere are two types of these coprocessors; programmed I/O channel and direct memory access (DMA).,coprocessor,data,Control and status,I/O devices: Interactive input, such as mouse, trackball, the touch screen, etc. Direct input, such as scanning, v
36、oice input, and sensor input. Speech recognition. Sensor input. Display output, such as a monitor. Printers for document outputs, such as printers and plotters.,Content(4):,1.6 Buses and Controller,New words: unidirectional 单向的，单向性的 grant 同意，准予，承认 limitation 限制，局限性 Taxonomy 分类法，分类学(动植物) arbitration
37、仲裁，公断 dedicated （line） 专用线dedicate 奉献；献身 Whereas 而，却，反之,bus 总线 synchronous 同步的 asynchronous 异步的 decentralized 分散式（的） distributed 分布式（的） priority 优先级 (优先权) daisy chain 菊花链 polling 轮询,Technical terms(1):,clock 时钟，同步 Peripheral Component Interconnect(PCI) 外围部件互连（总线） adapter 适配器 timing 定时，同步 chip 芯片 Dyn
38、amic RAM 动态随机存储器 tight coupling 紧密耦合coupling 连接，连接器,Technical terms(2):,Abbreviations:,Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Dynamic RAM (DRAM),Most modern computers use a bus, or buses, for interconnecting the major components of the system. A bus serves as a pathway between components for passin
39、g address, instructions and data. Buses can be classified in a number of ways: by purpose, control, and communication technique.,Content(1):,processor,real memory,1. Dedicated or general purpose: The major difference between dedicated and general-purpose buses is that a dedicated bus is point-to-poi
40、nt between physical devices, whereas a general-purpose bus interconnects more than two physical devices.,Content(2):,2. Centralized or decentralized control: (1) Centralized control. A single hardware control unit will recognize a request and grant access to the bus a requesting device. It is the re
41、sponsibility of the controller to resolve simultaneous requests and assign priority to the requests. (2) Distributed control.Distributed control, also known as decentralized control, distributes the control function between all the devices on the bus.,Content(3):,3. Synchronous or asynchronous communication: The transmission of addresses, control information, and data between two devices may be synchronous with a clock, or asynchronous without a clock and self-timed.,Content(4):,Bus Design Examples : Table 1-3 General-purpose bus design example.,
