1、口译技巧之数字口译,数字口译,数字翻译是口译中的一大难关，数字之所以难译，其中一个主要原因在于英语和汉语对于四位数以上的数字的表达，有不同的段位概念和分段方法。英语数字以每三位数为一段位，而汉语则以每四位数为一段位。,汉语数字分段法：,英语数字分段法：,Cautious!,不用笔记，用脑算 用这个办法要求记住“千”以上的四个汉语单位和它们的英语对应单位，并能熟练运用。 “万”，英语是“10 thousand”（十千）； “百万”，英语有单位名称“million”； “亿”, 英语是“100 million”(一百个百万)； “十亿”，英语有单位名称“billion”； 口译时，听到“万”，将数
2、字乘以“10”，读为“千”（thousand）。 比如：“八十三万”即为“八百个三千”，读为“830 thousand”。 听到“百万”，读数时，注意英语有单位“million”。 如“三百五十六万”，是“三个百万，五百六十个千”，读“3 million 560 thousand”。 听到“亿”，将数字乘以“100”，读为“百万”（million）。 如“八亿六千七百万”是“八百六十七个百万”，读为“867 million” 听到“十亿”，读数时，注意英语有单位“billion”。 听到“十亿”以上，将数字除以“10”，读“十亿”（billion）。,数字的翻译,一万：10 thousand
3、十万：100 thousand 百万：million 千万：10 million 亿： 100 million 十亿：a billion 百亿：10 billion 千亿：100 billion 万亿：1 trillion,实践是训练数字互译的根本途径。口译教学要集中一段时间专门进行数字口译训练。译员只有经过大量反复的数字口译实践才能掌握英汉数字互译的不同特点和规律，达到数字互译脱口而出，快速、准确的程度。,Read the following figures in Chinese:,Read the following Chinese figures in English, and writ
4、e down the figures in Arabic figures: 六万 五十七万 四百七十六万 九百六十一万 五千九百三十三万 七百五十亿 十一亿七千五百万 三千五百三十八万五千 九亿三千六百七十七万七千,数字口译补充材料,先练习“大整数”换算对译，再练各个数级换算，最后练习（million, billion对译汉语的一百万、十亿）繁杂零琐的数字； 尽量利用笔记，提倡在听辨源语数字同时立即译成译语（边听、边记、边译） 用B或b记录“十亿”，用M或m记录“百万”， 如：two billion thirty-four million 2 B 34 M 十二亿四千万 1 B 240 M,点
5、线法,中译外时，应在听到“亿”时即斜向划一长线/，听到“万”时再划同样的斜长线/，剩下的数字则仍用“符号结合阿拉伯数字”的通用方式完成，即三个零为，两个零为，或者一律记阿拉伯数字，但不一定立即译成相应的译语数字。 例1：一亿三千零二万零八百五十八 1/3002/0858 例2：一百零一亿七千四百八十九万五百四十 101/7489/0540,口译时，从右向左，逆着原记录顺序每三位打一个逗号（分节号），便可将这些数字切分成印欧语系诸语言的进位单位了。用此方法，需要牢记分节号左位数的单位。从右向左：第一个分节号左位是“千”位，第二个分节号左位是“百万”位，第三个分节号左位是“十亿”位。 例1：1/3
6、0,02/0,858 130M 20Th 8Hu &58 例2：10,1/74,89/0,540 10B 174M 890Th 5Hu &40,此形式译成外语很方便，“回译”成汉语也没太大困难。外译汉（如英文）时，译员应在听到billion、million、thousand等位时，便立即打上一处逗号。例： thirty two billion four hundred fifty seven million eight hundred twenty six thousand nine hundred and thirty-seven 32,457,826,937在预备译出时依然从左到右，按汉语
7、数字进位规律每四位数打上斜线：32,4/57,82/6,937，译员只需照着斜线所提示的汉语数字表达习惯读出即可。 交替口译中数字压力及对策 外语与翻译 98/1 pp20-23,分数和小数的口译 Fractions,(cardinal no./ordinal no.),六分之一：二分之一： 四分之一： 四分之三：,one-sixth a/one half a/one quarter three quarters,8%eight percent 15%fifteen percent 42%forty-two percent 4.35%four point three five percent
8、0.5%point five percent 4.032four point naught three two 71.006seventy-one point naught naught six,1/2one half; a half 1/3one third 1/4a quarter 3/5three-fifths 7/8seven-eighths 1/10one-tenth 1/100one-hundredth；one percent 1/1000one-thousandth 14/1000fourteen-thousandths 1/10000one-ten thousandths 2-
9、1/2two and a half 4-2/3four and two-thirds,分数和小数的口译,五分之二： 十分之七： 千分之三：,two-fifths seven-tenths three-thousandths,分数和小数的口译 Fractions,六十分之九十七：七十五分之三十四：,ninety-seven over sixty-three thirty-four over seventy-five,分数和小数的口译,六又七分之四： 六又二分之一： 九又四分之三：,six and four-sevenths six and a half nine and three quarte
10、rs,分数和小数的口译,0.7: 0.546: 0.009%:,point seven; zero point seven point five four six zero point o o nine percent,分数和小数的口译,9.007：87.36%:,nine point 0 0 seven； nine point zero zero seven eighty-seven point three six percent,分数和小数的口译,0.8 万 ： 0.7亿： 0.93亿： 56.08万：,8，000；eight thousand 70,000,000; seventy mi
11、llion 93,000,000; ninety-three million 560,800; five hundred and sixty thousand eight hundred,练习,模糊数字的口译口译中经常遇到一些模糊数字，如“几个”、“十几个”、“几十个”、“成百上千个”等等。模糊数字的口译虽也有一定的规律，但主要靠平时熟记，用时才能熟练自如，准确无误。注意以下模糊数字的口译,几个 十几个 几十个 几十年 七十好几了 好几百个 成千上万 /千千万万 几十万,some; a few;/several; a number of more than 10; no more than t
12、wenty dozens of Decades well over seventy hundreds of thousands of hundreds of thousands of,Note the following ways of uncertain numbers七十好几了 well over seventy二十刚出头 in her/his early twenties三十大几了（快四十了） in her/his late thirties千千万万 thousands and thousands of好几百个 hundreds of成千上万 thousands upon thousan
13、d of几十万 hundreds of thousands of数以百万计的 millions of亿万(人) hundreds of millions of十年 a decade二十年 a score/four score and seven years ago三十年(25-30) a generation五十年 half a century一百年的 centennial 一百年/世纪 Century,Useful verbs,位居世界第二 Is ranked the second/ 中国经济总量位居世界第六，进出口贸易额居世界第四。 Chinas economy is ranked the
14、 6th in the world and its foreign trade is ranked the 4th. China is the worlds sixth largest economy and the fourth largest trader. 上涨，增长 To rise, to increase, to climb, to go up, to jump, to soar A sharp/considerable/slight increase/ rise 下降，减少 To fall, to drop, to decline, to decrease, to reduce，t
15、o go down A sharp/slight drop/decline,Total 总计 去年收入总计人民币150亿元，比上年增长20% The revenue of last year totaled RMB 15 b yuan, a 20% increase over the previous year.,Short expressions,今年为, 比上年上涨了 , a % increase over the previous/last year , up %. , tons more than last year.a year on year growth of % 全年产量 Th
16、e annual output of 年均进口增速达到20% The import grows at an annual rate of 20%.,国民经济继续保持平稳较快增长。国内生产总值超过30万亿元，比上年增长9%；物价总水平涨幅得到控制；财政收入6.13万亿元，增长19.5%；粮食连续五年增产，总产量10570亿斤，创历史最高水平。,The national economy continued to maintain steady and rapid growth. GDP topped 30 trillion yuan, an increase of 9% over the prev
17、ious year. Overall price rises were held in check. Government revenue was 6.13 trillion yuan, an increase of 19.5%. Grain output rose for the fifth consecutive year and totaled 528.5 million tons, a record high.,增/减倍数的口译英汉倍数的表达有相似之处，也有不同。英汉互译时要特别注意不同的英语句型和表达方法所表示的倍数概念与汉语不同。英语用times 表示倍数。无论在何种句型中都表示乘
18、的关系，即包括基数在内的倍数。请注意以下表示倍数的英语句型及其含义： A is N times larger（longer，heavier）than B. A is larger（longer，heavier）than B by N times. A is N times as large（long，heavy）as B. 这三句英语的含义都是“A的大小(长度、重量)是B的N倍”，或者“A比B大（长、重）N-1倍”。,根据以上规律，请看下面英语句子的汉译： (1) The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球的大小是月球的49倍。(或地球比月球大
19、48倍) (2) Since mid-century, the global economy has nearly quintupled, While the population has doubled, demand for grain has nearly tripled, and the burning of fossil fuels has increased nearly fourfold. 自本世纪中叶以来，全球经济增长了将近四倍，人口翻了一番。结果，粮食的需求增加了近两倍，石油燃料增加了近三倍。 (3) Within 30 years there will be twice a
20、s many urban people as countryside people in the world. 30年内，全世界的城市居民将是农村人口的两倍。 (4) Although London covers less than 400,000 acres, it needs nearly 50 million acre-125 times its area-to provide it with food, timber, and other resources, and to absorb its pollution. 虽然伦敦占地不到40万英亩，却需要近5000万英亩的土地125倍于它
21、本身的面积来供给它食品，原木和其他资源，并吸收它产生的污染物。,汉语倍数的表示法归纳起来有两类： 第一类表示是(原数的)几倍，几倍于(原数)或增加到(原数的)几倍。 第二类表示(比原数)大几倍或(比原数)增加了几倍；这两类说法含义不同。 第一类表示包括基数在内的倍数，与英语倍数表示法的含义相同。 第二类表示净增倍数。 因此，汉语倍数的英译首先要区分不同含义，选用恰当的句型，灵活准确地表达。如果用能N times/表示英语的包括基数在内的倍数，那么汉语的第二类表示“增加了几倍”的英译就要用 (N+1) times 来表示。,例如： 去年这个公司手机的销量增长了近一倍（为原来的两倍）。 The s
22、ales volume of portable phones of this company increased nearly twice last year. The sales volume of portable phones of this company nearly doubled last year.,汉语增加倍数的说法很多，英译时，首先要仔细区分是包括基数在内的增加倍数还是净增倍数，然后决定用N times 还是（N+1）times 来表达。,(1) 过去20年中，中国的国内生产总值增长了近五倍。 In the past 20 years, Chinas gross domes
23、tic product increased nearly six times. (2) 1978年至1997年，中国人均生产总值增长了3.4倍。 Chinas per capita GDP went up by 4.4 times between 1978 and 1997. (3) 中国城镇居民人均居住面积由1978年的3.6平方米提高到1997年的8.8平方米，增加1.4倍。 The per capita living space for urban residents in China expanded from 3.6 square meters in 1978 to 8.8 squa
24、re meters in 1997, a rise of 2.4 times. (4) 1949年至1998年, 中国的粮食总产量由1.1亿吨增加到5.1亿吨, 增长3.5倍, 年平均增长3.1%, 是人口增长率的2.5倍。 Chinas total grain output increased from 110 million tons in 1949 to 510 million tons in 1998, or an increase of over 4.5 times, with an average annual growth rate of 3.1 percent, 2.5 tim
25、es that of the population growth. (5) 1997年, 全国高等学校在校生总数为608万人, 其中研究生18万人, 分别是1979年的2.2倍和9.6倍。 In 1997，6.08 million students were studying in colleges and universities, including 180,000 postgraduates, 2.2 times and 9.6 times the figures of 1979 respectively.,特殊倍数的表达,到2020年实现国内生产总值比2000年翻两番,达到40,000
26、亿美元左右 Quadruple By 2020, Chinas GDP will quadruple that of 2000 to approximately USD 4 trillion. 今年的粮食产量比去年增长2成. 20% The output of grain this year increased by 20% over the last year.,由于汉语很少用“减少了若干倍”的说法，而多用“减少了百分之几”或“减少了几成”的说法，因此，减少多用百分数和分数表示。,(1) 由于水灾，去年的收成减少了三成。 Owing to flood, the crop last year
27、was declined by 30 percent. (2) 该公司的员工裁减了近三分之一，开支减少了四分之一。 The personnel of the company have been reduced nearly by one-third and the expenses by one-fourth. (3) 1998年，政府机构改革目标实现。国务院下设部门从40个减少到29个，人员减少了近一半。 In 1998，the targets of restructuring governmental institutions were met. Departments under the
28、 State Council were reduced from 40 to 29 and personnel were cut nearly by half.,增/减百分比的口译 “增/减了百分之几”英语和汉语的含义一致，都表示净增或净减百分数。英汉增/减百分数的表示法有以下几种： 1) 增/减了% increase/rise/grow% decrease/drop/fall/sink % 或者 increase/rise/grow/go up by % decrease/drop/fall/go down by %,(1) Between 1986 and 1987, Nikes sale
29、s dropped 18 percent and profits sank by more than 40 percent as a result of competition with Reebok. 与“锐步”鞋业竞争的结果，从1986到1987年， 耐克（鞋）的销售额下降了18%，利润下降了40%多。(2) By putting out more than one new shoe style everyday on average, in 1995 and 1996, Nikes sales and profits grew 71 percent and 80 percent resp
30、ectively；meanwhile, Nikes closest rival Reebok grew just nine percent in the same period. 靠平均每天推出一个以上新（鞋）款式，1995到1996，耐克的销售额和利润分别上涨了71%和80%。而同期最接近耐克的竞争对手锐步只上涨了9%。(3) Procter & Gamble just raised prices on its paper products by as much as 8%. (美国) 普罗科特甘布尔公司刚刚把他们的纸制品价格提高了8%。,(4) Spending on non-durabl
31、es-everything from soap flakes to razors to tennis shoes-rose 30% last year. 去年非耐用品，从皂片、剃须刀到网球鞋的消费上升了30%。(5) In the fiscal year of 2000, ending on March 30, export slumped 11.3 percent in Taiwan, 10 percent in Thailand, 9.9 percent in South Korea and 2.4 percent in Hong Kong. However, the Chinese ma
32、inland posted a respectable 7.5 percent rate in the first quarter. 在3月30日刚刚结束的2000财政年度，台湾的出口猛跌了11.3%，泰国10%、南韩9.9%、香港2.4%。然而，中国大陆却公布了第一季度7.5%的可观增长。(6) In America, the number of people engaged in farming as their principle of occupation fell to 961,560 in 1997, down 8.7 percent from 1992, while the nu
33、mber between (the age of) 25 to 34 fell 28 percent. 在美国以农业为主要职业的人数1997下降到961560人，比1992下降了8.7%，而年龄在25到34岁的人数下降了28%。,2) 与相比，增/减了% increase/rise/grow /go up by % (as) compared with /as against / as opposed to / over decrease/drop/fall/go down by % (as) compared with /as against / as opposed to /over,(1
34、) 1999年，普通高校招生规模比上年扩大了47.4%。University and college enrollment in 1999 increased by 47.4 percent over the previous year.(2) 同1997年相比，1998年工业排污减少了11.6%；家庭排污增加了2.6%。Compared with 1997, the discharge of industrial wastewater dropped by 11.6 percent, while that of domestic sewage rose by 2.6 percent in 1
35、998.(3) 因受亚洲金融危机的冲击，1998年中国进出口总额比上年下降0.4%，其中进口总额下降1.5%；出口总额增长0.5%。As a result of Asian financial crises, Chinas total volume of import and export in 1998 dropped by 0.4 percent over the previous year, of which the volume of import went down by 1.5 percent, and the value of export went up by 0.5 perc
36、ent.,3) 增/减率be % increase/ rise /growth be % decrease/drop /declinean increase / a rise / a growth rate of %a decrease / drop / decline of %be % up /down be up / down%,1999年，中国外贸出口达1949亿美元，比上年增长6.1%。 Chinas total exports reached US$194.9 billion in 1999, a rise of 6.1 percent over the previous year.
37、1998年，中国全年海外游客入境人数6348万人次，比上年增长10.2%, 国际旅游收入达126亿美元, 增长4.4%。 In 1998, China received 63.48 million tourists from overseas, up by 10.2 percent. Income of foreign exchange from tourism reached 12.6 million US dollars, up 4.4 percent.,4) 增/减具体数字的英译也可用 “by” +具体数字来表示。我国水土流失面积每年以10,000平方公里的速度在扩大。目前，水土流失面积
38、已达367万平方公里,占总土地面积将近38%。The area of soil erosion in China has been increasing by 10,000 square km. annually to 3.67 million square km. at present, accounting for nearly 38 percent of the total land area.由于低温多雨的影响, 我国夏粮减产1460万吨。Chinas output of summer grain declined by 14.6 million tons due to low tem
39、perature and rainy days during the growing period.,汉语增/减百分数的英译还有一些其它表示法，但不管用什么方法，英语的增/减百分数都是净增/减数。实践是训练数字互译的根本途径。 译员只有经过大量反复的数字口译实践才能掌握英汉数字互译的不同特点和规律，达到数字互译脱口而出，快速、准确的程度。,英语中有丰富的描述数字上升、下降或稳定的词汇，即趋势语（trend language）。如下列句子中划线的词汇： The area of cultivated land decreased by 7.6 million hectares, but the y
40、ield per hectare rose by an average of 180 kg. Average annual grain supply per person grow from 200 to 400kg, and meat from 9 to 15kg.,下面列举一些英语中常用来表达趋势的词汇：,表示上升趋势：an increase增加, a rise提高, a climb爬升, a jump上升, a growth增长; to increase增加, to rise提高, to climb爬升, to jump上升, to grow增长, to reach升至, to go u
41、p上升。表示下降趋势：a fall下降, a drop跌落, a decline下跌, a decrease减少; to fall下降, to drop跌落, to decline下跌, a decrease减少, to go down下降, to bottom out降至最低点, to slow down减速, to decelerate减速。表示稳定：to remain (stable)保持，不变，稳定，维持; to stand at不变，稳定，维持; to level out (off)平衡，稳定。,汉语： “增加N元”，“增加N” 英译： a N yuan increase a N p
42、ercent increase英语： a N-fold increase/increase N-fold/N times表示含义是增加到N倍，不是净增加数， 其汉语含义净增数应为N1倍。例证：During the critical year of 1917 Party membership rose tenfold from 20,000 to 200,000. 在关键性的1917年，党员人数从二万 增加 到二十万，即增加了九倍。,英语： “倍数强比较级”或“倍数over”的句型汉译： A比B多N1倍或A为B的N倍英语N times 和N-fold用于增减和强弱有多种说法，用于增加和强比较的是
43、基数乘以N，意为“增加到N倍”、“为比较对象的N倍（如five times greater，即基数5）；用于减少或弱比较是“减少到”、“为比较对象的”（如seven times smaller即基数7，“缩小到七分之一”）。,2006年全国财政收入万亿元，比上年增加亿元In 2006, National revenue reached 3.93 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 769. 4 billion yuan.,2001年中国进出口总额达到5098亿美元，是1998年的4.6倍。In 2001,Chinas total import and export volume reached $509.8 billion, 4.6 times as much as that in 1998.,上海占地面积6341平方公里，人口1870万，其中流动人口2百万。 Shanghai covers an area of 6341 square kilometers with a population of 18.7 million, including a transient population of 2 million.,
