1、 朗阁(大连)培训中心LONGRE (DALIAN) TRAINING CENTERBE BETTER, BE STRONGER; GET SMARTER GET LONGREPage 11举例分析雅思大作文的审题与拓展朗阁海外考试中心刘雅敏自 2015 年下半年以来,雅思大作文的难度不断增加,这种难度主要来源于题目切入点小、审题难度增加,以及题材不再是考生耳熟能详的“常备题材” ,而陆陆续续出现了诸如“噪音污染” 、 “吸引当地游客到当地博物馆旅游” 、 “提高合法驾驶年龄” 、 “名人效应” 、 “素食主义者” 、 “企业的社会责任”等话题新颖、而且多是考生平时思考较少的题材。那么,朗阁海
2、外考试研究中心的专家建议,除了平时多关注相关话题的新闻报道、多思考、多讨论之外,考生还要在备考中及时调整策略。本文中,朗阁专家将结合考题,重点就“审题”和“拓展思路”两方面分析面对新题,考生只有做到具体题目具体分析才不会在 TR(Task Response),即切题上扣分,以及怎样的主题段落拓展顺序才能保证文章逻辑性,满足CC(Coherence and Cohesion),即连贯与流畅的评分标准。雅思大作文的审题至关重要,它决定了文章内容是否会偏题甚至跑题,尤其在写作题目难度不断增加的情况下。那么对于审题,考生需要注意哪些方面呢?最重要的是两点:第一,一定要搞清楚题目到底在问什么,让你回答什
3、么内容。搞清楚考官的出题意图,即,题干背后反映出的本质,是谁和谁的逻辑关系出了问题?还是让你思考该现象背后的深层原因是什么?此时,考生可联想一下高考语文作文,尽管每个省份题目不同,形式各异,有的给出一幅漫画,有的给出一个故事,有的给出一句谚语,要求都是写一篇规定字数的作文。此时,考生需要写出作文题目,比如“论努力和成功的关系”等。高考这些作文题目的各种形式就类似于雅思大作文题干,尽管雅思大作文不需要像高考作文一样,给出标题,但考生也是务必要找出题干背后的本质规律。第二,在搞清楚出题者的出题意图之后,为了实现切题(Task Response)的要求,题目中的所有要素都要出现在文章中。那么如何找出
4、需要出现在文章中的要素呢?这就需要找朗阁(大连)培训中心LONGRE (DALIAN) TRAINING CENTERBE BETTER, BE STRONGER; GET SMARTER GET LONGREPage 22出题干中的所有“比点” ,即有争议的点,或需要讨论的点。同时,考生需要明白一个前提所有题目,无论单边还是双边,一定是有争议性的,不会出现完全正确或者完全错误的论述。但是,每道题目都能反映出出题者的倾向性。换句话说,虽然没有绝对正确或错误的题目,但有的论述有一半合理的成分,一半不合理的成分,有的题目则可能只有 30%的合理成分,却有 70%的不合理成分等等,这就要求考生尽量分
5、析出题者的倾向性,找出所有“比点” 。比如以下题目:Some people think children should obey the rules their parents and teachers set and listen to them, but others think less control will help children to deal with their future adult life.Discuss both views and give your own opinions.该题目是一道 Discuss 题型,双边:一方观点认为:儿童应该听从父母家长规定的规
6、则;另一方观点认为:对儿童的管教越少,对其今后的成年生活有好处。读懂题目之后,该题目本质上问的是:家庭和学校教育方式与儿童成长的关系,具体而言,是父母和老师的教育中提出的要求与儿童未来生活的关系。第一方观点:这是典型的“绝对化论述” ,对于此类论述,应对策略是分情况讨论,首先对于原则性的“rules”学生是需要遵守的,但由于家长不可能事事客观,再者其观点也受其成长教育经历左右,提出的要求很多情况下不符合儿童的客观发展情况。如果此时,儿童仍然遵守这些要求,那么会打击自信,长此以往会过度依赖家长,缺乏主见。第二方观点:很多考生在看到该题目之后,第一反映可能是该论述没有什么问题。但请大家注意,论述一
7、定是有争议点的,否则就不需要 discuss 了。那么,仔细揣摩后,我们发现,后一种论述中,出现了两个可以打的点:朗阁(大连)培训中心LONGRE (DALIAN) TRAINING CENTERBE BETTER, BE STRONGER; GET SMARTER GET LONGREPage 331.“less”由于第一种论述过于极端,所以第二种论述反其道行之,既然不能“都”听,那就“少”听。貌似“less ”这个表达客观了不少,但也是极端表述的一种体现,试想,如果在面临类似于校园暴力的行为问题时,家长学校能置之不管吗?因此,家庭校方的管教不是越少越好,而是要有针对性,及时给出指导。2.“
8、control”“control”是“管教”的意思,该词本身体现了传统的教育观念,以及家长与孩子在地位上的不平等。显然,教育效果必然不好,并且,儿童期间他们与家长的相处方式很大程度上决定了成年生活中他们与他人的生活方式。所以, “control”体现出的教育观念也有长期的负面影响。范文:As two main ways of education, parenting and schooling education with a variety of specific patterns,including those where children are asked to do whatever
9、 parents demand, correspondingly produce children with diverse performance, especially in their characters after growing up.Of course parents always act for their childrens good, and the safety of their children is the primary concern forparents, as well as social intercourse,whether it be respectin
10、g and obeyingsocial rules or being polite when interacting with others. Unfortunately,theexpressionsof thesecommon understanding with parental consortiumwould be subjectivelyaffected byparentsindividual experience, likethat of being educated. It alsohas to be admitted that achilds actual growth in m
11、any cases cannot match theirparentsover-high expectations, which would naturally destroy childrens confidence, and also contributes negatively to their overdependence upon their parents if they have no choice but to listen to parents from an early age.朗阁(大连)培训中心LONGRE (DALIAN) TRAINING CENTERBE BETT
12、ER, BE STRONGER; GET SMARTER GET LONGREPage 44This doesnt mean, however,the less parental guidance children are provided, the more independent they will be. Especially when children are faced with behavior problems, parents need to give their children timely moral support. While controlling children
13、, no matter how much it is, contains the connotation of the high and low statusduringdomestic interaction with authoritarian parents.It is commonly believed that the ways children interact with parents to a large extent decide what the role a grown-up will act in therelations with their partners, ch
14、ildren, and colleagues.Personally, actions speak louder than words, and good role modeling from parents and teachersfirstly ought to be provided, concerning personal safety, social rules, and moral characters, rather than just giving orders. If some regulations are needed, it is wise enough to liste
15、n to childrens opinions as equals beforehand, seeking to take account of both the goals and childrens individual circumstances, so as to maximize the efficiency of demands.主题段落的拓展体现的是考生的逻辑能力和语言表达能力,在很大程度上决定了文章分数。需要注意两个点:第一,每个句子都是 common sense, 都是常识。这样才会有说服力,这也就意味着在内容上不能出现无关细节、不能重复。第二,句子与句子之间、以及段落于段落
16、之间的衔接、或者拓展顺序有多种,比较常见的整体逻辑拓展顺序为:原因背景解释该现象影响:好的影响(优点) 、不好的影响(缺点)针对缺点局限性,提出解决措施因为是事情的正常发展顺序,所以无论适用于段落内部还是段落之间,这种整体拓展顺序的使用效果都是非常流畅的。至于其间的细节拓展(纵向拓展) ,可以使用多种论证手段:朗阁(大连)培训中心LONGRE (DALIAN) TRAINING CENTERBE BETTER, BE STRONGER; GET SMARTER GET LONGREPage 55因果、假设、对比、举例、并列、解释等。表达很重要,但作为文章,最首要的目的无疑是传达作者观点,所以文章的流畅性、即逻辑性至关重要,要想写出清晰、流畅的作文,需要大家平时多在审题与文章内容上下功夫,找准方向,才能事半功倍。