1、1专题复习一 高中英语词汇词形转换总结一、名词的复数形式构成：1. 以f 或fe 结尾的名词变复数(1) 加s, 如：cafes, giraffes(2) 去 f, fe 加ves, 如：half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaves life-lives wolf-wolvesthief-thieves self-selves wife-wives shelf-shelves歌诀记忆：树叶(leaf)半数(half)自己(self)黄；妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去割粮；架(shelf)后窜出一匹狼(wolf) ；就像小偷(thief)逃命(life)亡。这
2、9 个名词变复数时，都要改f(e)为 v，再加es，2. 以o 结尾的名词，变复数(1) 加 s，如：photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos kilo-kilos(2) 加 es，如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes mangoes, Negro-Negroes hero-heroes歌诀记忆：黑人(Negro)和英雄(hero)爱吃芒果、西红柿(tomato)和马铃署(potato)。除了这五个以o 结尾的名词加es 外，其余的以o 结尾的词加s。3. 表示“国家”的名词变复数Chinese-Chinese
3、 Japanese-Japanese Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-Frenchmen Russian-Russians Indian-Indians Canadian-Canadians American-Americans歌诀记忆：中(Chinese)日(Japanese)不变，英(Englishman)法(Frenchman)变，其余 s 加后面。24. 以复数形式出现的名词goods 货物 trousers/pants /jeans /shorts 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 眼镜5. 以 s 结尾，仍为单数的名词(1) maths ，
4、politics，physics 等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。(2) news 是不可数名词。(3) the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。6. 由 man 和 woman 构成的合成名词，两个构成部分都要变成复数如：a man worker-two men workers( 男工人)a woman doctor-two women doctors(女医生)7. 以辅音字母y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 i 再加es。例如：baby-babies, city-cities, story-stories, party-parties, lady-
5、ladies, diary-diaries, century-centuries, copy-copies country, company, factory, family, memory, enemy, hobby, dictionary, university8. 以 s，x，ch，sh 结尾的名词加es ，如：class, bus, boss, class, glass, dress, box , fox, watch, speech, , beach, church, sandwich, coach, match, inch, brush, dish, wish, fish9. 其他
6、不规则变化man-men, woman-women, goose-geese, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, child-children fish-fish, deer-deer, sheep-sheep, mouse-mice, fisherman-fishermen, policeman-policemen, chairman-chairmen, spaceman-spacemen, postman-postmen, salesman-salesmen, snowman-snowmen.歌诀记忆：男人(man)女人(woman)a 变 e，鹅(goose)足(foot)
7、牙(tooth) oo变 ee, 孩子(child)加上 ren，鱼(fish)鹿(deer) 绵羊(sheep) 不用变。注: fish 指鱼的种类时，要加上es 构成其复数；当指鱼的条数时，单复3数同形；指鱼肉时，为不可数名词。二、代词 (人称代词、物主代词、反身代词的构成)第一人称 第二人称 第三人称单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数主格I we you you he/she/it they人称代词宾格me us you you him/her/it them形容词性my our your your his/her/its their物主代词名词性mine ours yours your
8、s his/hers/its theirs反身代词myself ourselves yourself yourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves三、数词 (基数词、序数词、分数、百分数)常考查的序数词: first, second, third, fifth, twelfth, eighth, ninth, twentieth, fortieth, ninetieth, twenty-first4基变序, 有规律, 末尾加上 th; 一二三特殊记, 八加 h, 九去 e, ve 要用 f 替; y 结尾 变 ie, 后跟 th 莫忘记; 若想表示几十几 ,
9、 只变个位就可以。四、形容词和副词 (原级、比较级、最高级)(1) 一般在词尾加 er/est: greatgreatergreatest, youngyoungeryoungest, slowslowerslowest(2) 以 e 结尾的词加 r/st: nicenicernicest, largelargerlargest, 再如: huge, wise, wide, fine, late(3) 以辅音字母 +y 结尾的词把 y 改 i 再加 er/est:heavyheavierheaviest, easyeasiereasiest, busybusierbusiest, funnyf
10、unnierfunniest, earlyearlierearliest, 再如: lucky, healthy, lazy, angry, happy, hungry(4) 以一个读短音的元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾，双写该辅音字母再加er/est:bigbiggerbiggest, thinthinnerthinnest, fatfatterfattest,fitfitterfittest, wetwetterwettest, hothotterhottest, 再如: mad, sad, glad(5) 多音节词在其前加 more/most:carefulmore careful most
11、 careful, usefulmore usefulmost usefulpopularmore popularmost popular,slowlymore slowlymost slowlycarelesslymore carelesslymost carelessly, more politely-most politely(6) 不规则变化的词goodwellbetterbest ; badillbadlyworseworstmanymuchmoremost; littlelessleast5oldolderelderoldest(指年龄大小)eldest( 指长幼顺序 )farfa
12、rther furtherfarthest(指距离) furthest(指程度)五、动词：(原形、第三人称单数、现在分词、过去式、过去分词)1. 第三人称单数：(1)-s buys, stays, plays, enjoys, destroys, says, ties, lies, waits, shops, begins(2)-es brush, rush, push, fish, wish, wash, teach, watch, catch, match, search, dress, miss, discuss, fix, relax do , go(3)去 y 加 ies carry
13、, hurry, worry, try, cry, dry(v.), fly, reply, copy, study, tidy (v), 2. 现在分词：(1)-ing waiting, raining, happening, visiting, suffering, seeing(2)去 e 加 ing give, leave, have, lose, invite, close, admire, breathe, cause, prepare(3)双写辅音字母加 ing sit, hit, cut, put, chat, get, forget, shut, set, let, fitb
14、egin, plan, win, run, spin; nod, swim, dig, jog, step, clap, rob, rub, kidnap, shop, drop, prefer, travel, quarrel, control(4) ie-ying die, lie, tie dying, lying, tying3. 过去式/过去分词 (规则变化)(1)-ed enjoyed, destroyed, stayed, played, waited, rained, happened, visited, suffered(2)e-d advise, ache, practic
15、e, arrive, believe, receive, refuse, share, continue, breathe, notice, manage, celebrate, change, score, communicate, dance, decide, describe, force, divide, encourage, hate, hope, move, waste, exercise, imagine, increase, cause, compare, care, complete, introduce, produce, provide, prove, promise,
16、invite, praise, prepare, (3)双写辅音字母加 ed chat, fit, clap, stop, step, shop, drop, rub, rob, kidnap, jog, plan, nod, prefer, travel, quarrel, control6(4)去 y 加 ied study, carry, hurry, worry, dry, try, cry, copy, reply, tidy(v.)(5)动词不规则变化表（附后）六 构词法：1) v.变 n. -men: treatment, movement, excitement, improv
17、ement, development, agreement, advertisement, achievement, punishment, encouragement, judgement/judgment, argument(特殊变化)-ion: invention, collection, direction, action, attraction, suggestion, discussion, connection, instruction, introduce-introduction去 e 加 ion: educate, donate, celebrate, operate, c
18、ommunicate, graduate, congratulate, create,去 e 加 ation: prepare, invite, organize, imagine, examinede 变 sion: decide-decision conclude-conclusion(结论)-ing: training, meaning, acting, building, meeting, greeting, feeling, shaking, warning-or: director, actor, visitor, inventor,-er: player, reader, lea
19、der, owner, worker, teacher, speaker, waiter, supporter, farmer, reporter, driver, dancer, writer, producer, manager, winner, runner, swimmer, robber, kidnapper, shopper, traveller-ress: waitress, actress-ance: appearance, acceptance, performancen. ist: science- scientist, artist, tourist7n.-er/r: p
20、risoner, villager,特殊变化 beg(乞讨) beggar(乞丐) behave(行为举止)behaviorknow(知道) knowledge(知识) flyflight (飞行)heat (加热)heat( 热量) hit (撞击) hit( 轰动一时的人或物)mix (混合)mixture(混合物) press(按,压)pressure(压力)sit(坐) seat (座位), succeedsuccess(成功)tourtour(旅游)/ tourist (游客)2) adj.变 n.-ness: illness, sickness, kindness, sadness
21、,(un)happiness, business, ugliness-y/ty: difficulty, safety; able-ability-er/r: foreigner, strangert 变 ce: different, silent, important, patient, confident-th: long-length, strong-strength, warmth, true-truth, wide-width, deep-depth3) n.变 adj.-ous: dangerous, humorous, poisonous-ern: eastern, wester
22、n, southern, northern-able: suitable, comfortable, fashionable, enjoyable , value-valuable,-al: national, international, educational, traditional, musical, personal去 e 加 al: natural, cultural, practical-y: lucky, healthy, sleepy, sporty, dirty, rainy, snowy, cloudy, windy, funny, sunny, foggy 去 e 加
23、y: noise-noisy, taste-tasty, shine-shiny-ly: lovely, lively, friendly, lonely, daily, weekly-ful: careful, useful, harmful, helpful, hopeful, meaningful, successful8-less: careless, useless, harmless, meaningless, endless, homeless-n: American, Australian, Indian, Russian, Asian, African, European,
24、Canada-Canadian,-en: wool(l)en, wooden, golden4) v.变 adj.-ed: surprised, amazed, bored, excited, tired, interested, frightened, relaxed, satisfied, worried -ing: surprising, amazing, boring, exciting, tiring, interesting, frightening, relaxing, satisfying, sleeping, living, coming, smiling,-ive: act
25、ive, attractive, detective, create- creative, imagine-imaginative,a- : alive, asleep, awake5) adj.变 adv.-ly: quickly, quietly, sadly, slowly, carefully, hopefully, successfully, excitedlyle 变为 ly: gently, possibly, probably, (un)comfortably, terribly, simply去 y 加 ily: busy, happy, easy, lazy, heavy,
26、 crazy, (un)lucky, (un)healthy, noisy, necessary去 e 加 ly: true-truly 6) 前缀：dis- : v. dislike, disagree, disappear adj. dishonest n. disadvantage im-: impossible, impatient, impolitein-: incorrect, incomplete(不完整的), inconvenient (不便利的), inactiveir-: irregular9un-: unable, unkind, unfriendly, unusual, uncommon, unlucky, unhealthy, unwelcome, unfair, unnecessary, unpleasant , unimportant, unpopular, uncomfortable
