1、 Born to win2002 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Listening Comprehension全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题 (二)Section II Use of EnglishDirections: (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened
2、. As was discussed before, it was 大 21家not the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic , following in 大 22家 大 23家the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the of the periodical. It was during the same time that 大 24家the communications revolution up, beginning with trans
3、port, the railway, and leading 大 25家 大 26家through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures the 20th-century world of the motor 大 27家car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that process in . It is important to do so.大 28家It is generally recognized, , that the introduction of the comp
4、uter in the early 20th century, 大 29家by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, its 大 30家 大 31家impact on the media was not immediately . As time went by, computers became smaller and more 大 32家powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as , wit
5、h display becoming sharper and storage 大 33家increasing. They were thought of, like people, generations, with the distance between 大 34家 大 35家generations much .大 36家It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the within which we now live. The
6、 communications revolution has both work and leisure 大 37家 大 38家and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been views about its economic, 大 39家political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed “harmful” outcomes. And 大 40家generalizations have proved d
7、ifficult.21. A between B before C since D laterBorn to win22. A after B by C during D until23. A means B method C medium D measure24. A process B company C light D form25. A gathered B speeded C worked D picked26. A on B out C over D off27. A of B for C beyond D into28. A concept B dimension C effec
8、t D perspective29. A indeed B hence C however D therefore30. A brought B followed C stimulated D characterized31. A unless B since C lest D although32. A apparent B desirable C negative D plausible33. A institutional B universal C fundamental D instrumental34. A ability B capability C capacity D fac
9、ulty35. A by means of B in terms of C with regard to D in line with36. A deeper B fewer C nearer D smaller37. A context B range C scope D territory38. A regarded B impressed C influenced D effected39. A competitive B controversial C distracting D irrational40. A above B upon C against D withSection
10、III Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Born to winText 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared e
11、xperiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to
12、a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all sh
13、ared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by
14、 a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thats God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.”If you are part of the group, which you are addressing, you will b
15、e in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent
16、an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently
17、 off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often
18、comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.41. To make your hu
19、mor work, you should _.A take advantage of different kinds of audienceB make fun of the disorganized peopleC address different problems to different peopleD show sympathy for your listeners42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are _.A impolite to new arrivalsB very con
20、scious of their godlike roleC entitled to some privilegesD very busy even during lunch hours43. It can be inferred from the text that public services _.A have benefited many peopleBorn to winB are the focus of public attentionC are an inappropriate subject for humorD have often been the laughing sto
21、ck44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered _.A in well-worded languageB as awkwardly as possibleC in exaggerated statementsD as casually as possible45. The best title for the text may be _.A Use Humor EffectivelyB Various Kinds of HumorC Add Humor to SpeechD Different
22、Humor StrategiesText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics - the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scien
23、tists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm
24、of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot
25、systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy - far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision
26、and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves - goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic w
27、orld.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately h
28、ave begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented - and human perception far more complicated - than previously imagined. They have built robots that c
29、an recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the Born to winside of a winding
30、 forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it.46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in _.A the use of machines to produce science fictionB the
31、wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work47. The word “gizmos” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means _.A programsB expertsC devicesD creatures48. According to the text, what is
32、 beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can _.A fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB interact with human beings verballyC have a little common senseD respond independently to a changing world49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also _.A make a few decisions for th
33、emselvesB deal with some errors with human interventionC improve factory environmentsD cultivate human creativity50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are _.A expected to copy human brain in internal structureB able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC far less able than
34、 human brain in focusing on relevant informationD best used in a controlled environmentText 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This n
35、ear-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil pr
36、ice was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening Born to wineconomic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be le
37、ss severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump
38、prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultanc
39、y and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 i
40、n 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies - to which heavy industry has shifted - have become more energy-intensive, and so could be
41、 more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic
42、decline. The Economists commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is _.A global inflationB reduction in supplyC fast growth in economyD Iraqs suspension of export
43、s52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if _.A price of crude risesB commodity prices riseC consumption risesD oil taxes rise53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries _.A heavy industry becomes more energy-intensiveB incom
44、e loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil pricesC manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezedD oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that _.A oil-price shocks are less shocking nowB inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocksBo
45、rn to winC energy conservation can keep down the oil pricesD the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry55. From the text we can see that the writer seems _.A optimisticB sensitiveC gloomyD scaredText 4The Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important im
46、plications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action havi
47、ng two effects - a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen - is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages
48、will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done noth
