1、Unit Three American Identity,A nation of immigrants Historically: a country settled, built and developed by generations of immigrants and their descendantsCurrently: a country taking in more immigrants than any other country in the world,Types of immigrants in terms of voluntariness(自愿性) Voluntary i
2、mmigrants: most immigrants Involuntary immigrants: blacks,Types of immigrants in terms of time Early immigrants: settlers in North America before the founding of the United States; mainly from northern and western Europe; whites and blacks; from Protestant countries Old immigrants: immigrants who ar
3、rived in America before 1880s; from northern and western Europe; whites; from Protestant countries New immigrants: between 1880 and 1920; mainly from eastern and southern Europe; ethnics,Types of immigrants according to Samuel Huntington Settlers: to create a new society; to move in a group; to have
4、 a sense of collective purpose; to agree on a compact or charter; to have a collective relation to mother country Immigrants: to move from one society to a different society for assimilation; to move individually; to define their relations to their old and new countries in an individual manner,Chang
5、e in the meaning of colony Original sense: a settlement created by people who leave a mother country and travel elsewhere to establish a new society on a distant land Later meaning: a territory and its indigenous people ruled by the government of another people,Change in the origin of immigrants ove
6、r the past three decades More from Latin America and Asia Less from Europe Mainstream culture WASP: White Anglo-Saxon Protestants British influence: religion, language, architectural design, legal system, etc. European influence: religion, music, cookery, philosophy, etc.,Black Americans,Different a
7、ppellations of the race African, Afro-American; the Colored; Negro; Nigger; Black; African American Demography Once: the largest minority group in US Now: second to Hispanics,Oldest immigrants, but newest citizens First arrival of a group of 20 in north America in 1619 No full citizenship until 1960
8、s Change of social status Indentured servants Hereditary slavery: 3/5 of a person according to Constitution,Slavery Slave trade until 1808 Physical slavery until the Civil War: economic and sexual exploitation; The Emancipation Proclamation Economic slavery until 1920s: the First Great Migration Mov
9、ement Political and social slavery until 1960s: the Civil Rights Movement,Prejudice and discrimination Inferiority Anti-miscegenation laws Segregation Lynching,Struggle for equality Frederick Douglass Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois Martin Luther King, Jr. Malcolm X; NAACP,Affirmative action and
10、reverse discrimination Informal discrimination in modern society Housing Employment Education Social sphere,The Phenomenon of Barack Obama The first black president? Mulatto One-drop rule Too black and too white,Latinos / Hispanics (西班牙裔),Origins In terms of regions: Caribbean, Central and South Ame
11、rica In terms of countries: Mexico, Puerto Rico(波多黎哥), Cuba Demography The largest minority group Illegal immigrants,Rising hostility against Mexican immigrants Rapidly growing numbers because of contiguity: 60% of Latino population A large number of illegal immigrants Regional concentration: in sou
12、thwestern states or large mid-western cities Historical factor: historical claim to the territory conquered by US Lagging behind in income, educational attainment (language); naturalization; intermarriage; identity with America,Asian Americans,Heterogeneity Chinese: gold rush; transcontinental railw
13、ay builders Japanese; Hawaii and California Vietnamese Indians A major source of modern immigrants The 1965 immigration law 3.6% of American population,Model minority Industry High educational attainments Economic successes Yellow peril?,Native Americans,Immigrants from Asia Long before Christopher
14、Columbus discovery of the American continent Primitive life Hunting Fishing Herding Horticulture,A history of blood Driven out of their own land Killed Living in reservations Resistance against assimilation Isolation,Modern life Farming Making jewelry and ornaments Pan-Indian culture,Components of A
15、merican identity in history Ethnicity Race Culture Ideology or political element,Central elements of American culture The Christian religion Protestant values and moralism A work ethic The English language British traditions of law, justice, and the limits of government power A legacy of European art, literature, philosophy, and music,American Creed Liberty Equality Individualism Representative government Private property,