1、Introduction to European Civilization 欧洲文化入门,Zhan Junfeng 詹俊峰 (博士, 副教授) School of Foreign Language and Culture SCNU 华南师范大学外国语言文化学院,Todays Topics 今日主题,Focus: Early Modern History现代初期史 Part 1: Renaissance 文艺复兴 Part 2: Reformation 宗教改革 Part 3: About the Final Exam 关于期末考试,两河流域（底格里斯河，幼发拉底河），富饶的新月地，美索不达米亚
2、文明（如苏美尔文化，巴比伦文化）,尼罗河，古埃及文明,以色列，古希伯来文明，欧洲文明的另一个源头,现代欧洲,希腊半岛,意大利半岛,罗马帝国,拜占庭帝国,西欧部落/王国,阿拉伯帝国,原罗马帝国版图,我们本课程谈到的欧洲其实是一直有不同侧重： 古代史时重心为地中海地区（希腊，意大利等，即南欧）； 中世纪以后转至西欧（英国、法国等）； 欧洲其他地区，如北欧（冰岛、挪威、丹麦、瑞典、芬兰），东欧（俄罗斯、乌克兰等），不在本课程的主要考察范围内。,3 Eras of Western History 西方历史的三个时期,1. Classic古代史 Ancient Near Eastern Civiliza
3、tions 古代近东文明 (i.e. The Mesopotamian civilization 美索不达米亚文明/ 两河文明; the ancient Egyptian civilization 古埃及文明; The Hebrew culture 希伯来文化) The Greco-Roman Civilization 古希腊-古罗马文明,3 Eras of Western History 西方历史的三个时期,2. Medieval中世纪 Early Middle Ages (500-1000) 中世纪早期 【东欧和南欧: Byzantine Empire拜占庭帝国 the rise of t
4、he western European feudalist kingdoms of France, England and Germany法、英、德等西欧封建王国的兴起】 Late Middle Ages (1300-1500) 中世纪晚期 【Great Famine大饥荒&Black Death 黑死病& Hundred Years War百年战争】,3 Eras of Western History 西方历史的三个时期,3. Modern现代史(今天导学的焦点是现代初期 Early Modernity, 14th-18th century) Renaissance文艺复兴 (1350-16
5、00, or the 14th-17th century) Reformation宗教改革 (1500-1600, or the 16th century),Renaissance and Reformation In general,The Renaissance and Reformation period is regarded as the beginning of the modern age文艺复兴和宗教改革是现代（西方）的开端. A shift away from the Middle Ages, an old age featured by feudalism, and the
6、 beginning of a new age featured by capitalism and globalization. 结束了以封建制为主的中世纪，开始了以资本主义和全球化为主的新时期。,Renaissance文艺复兴 (1350-1600, or the 14th-17th century),Definition: Renaissance began as a literary movement, but later led to the transformation in other areas (e.g. philosophy, art, science) as well.2
7、 periods: Italian Renaissance意大利文艺复兴 (1350-) Northern Renaissance北部文艺复兴 (1450-),Italian Renaissance意大利文艺复兴 (1350-),Background: the economic success of many Italian city-states, e.g. Milan米兰: trade center贸易中心, the Viscontis维斯孔蒂家族 all contributed to the rise of Italian Renaissance.,Italian Renaissance
8、 Humanism 人文主义,A cultural and intellectual movement文化和知识运动 Rediscovered and studied the literature, art, and civilization of ancient Greece and Rome. 重新发掘和研读古希腊和古罗马经典 Emphasized mans world and life on earth than Gods kingdom and life after death.强调对世俗事物的关心(note: Christianity in decline but still imp
9、ortant!) Goal of education: a universal man全面发展的人, individuality个性E.g. “civic humanism公民式人文主义” (Bruni布鲁尼& Alberti阿尔贝蒂) & “Neo-Platonism新柏拉图主义” (Ficino菲奇诺),Italian Renaissance Literature 文学,Three representatives from Tuscany托斯卡纳区 Dante但丁, Divine Comedy神曲, first to compose literature in Italian dialec
10、t (instead of Latin); Petrarch彼得拉克, Petrarchan sonnet十四行诗, “father of humanism”人文主义之父, first modern poet首位现代诗人 Boccaccio薄伽丘, Decameron十日谈,Italian Renaissance Art 艺术,Early Renaissance初期(1420-1495), 3 friends from Florence: Masaccio马萨乔(1401-1428), “father of Renaissance painting”文艺复兴绘画之父 Donatello多纳泰罗
11、(1386-1466), “first true Renaissance sculptor”文艺复兴首位真正的雕塑家 Brunelleschi布鲁内莱斯基(1337-1446), “first Renaissance architect”文艺复兴首位建筑大师 Botticelli波提切利(1444-1510), famous painter,Italian Renaissance Art 艺术,High Renaissance盛期 (1495-1520), 3 great masters in Rome: Leonardo da Vinci达芬奇(1452-1519), “representa
12、tive of the Renaissance Man” Raphael拉斐尔(1483-1520), the supreme representative 杰出代表 of the High Renaissance. Michelangelo米开朗基罗(1475-1564), painter, sculptor, and architect, one of the greatest artists who ever lived.,Italian Renaissance Art 艺术,Late Renaissance末期(1520-1600), Mannerism风格主义/矫饰主义 El Gre
13、co (1548-1614), The Holy Trinity elongated forms拉长的身形, unsteady and strained gestures不稳的、扭曲的姿势, a complex perspective复杂的透视法, irrational settings不合理的背景, theatrical lighting戏剧化的光线, intense color强烈的色彩,Northern Renaissance北部文艺复兴 (1450-),Place: Europe outside Italy, e.g. France, Germany, England, Spain,
14、etc. Time: 1450-, a decade later than the Italian Renaissance Differences from Italian Renaissance: Nation-states单一民族国家(unlike Italian city-states), a strong national flavor. Lower level of economy, stronger church control, more religious.,Northern Christian Humanism 基督教人文主义,Strong religious concern
15、 (Italian humanism: more practical, secular), combining the classical culture and Christian culture. Desiderius Erasmus伊拉斯谟(1466-1536), Dutch荷兰人, “Scholar of Europe”当时欧洲最著名的学者, the leader of the Northern Renaissance humanist movement. The Praise of Folly愚人颂 Sir Thomas More托马斯莫尔爵士(1478-1535), English
16、, Utopia乌托邦,Northern Renaissance Literature 文学,England: Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟(1340-1400), first great English poet, Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集; William Shakespeare莎士比亚(1546-1616), dramatist, the greatest of English writers. France: Franois Rabelais拉伯雷(1494-1553), novelist, Gargantua and Pantagruel 巨人传; Mi
17、chel de Montaigne蒙田(1533-1592), essayist散文家 Spain: Miguel de Cervantes塞万提斯(1547-1616), Don Quixote唐吉坷德, the first modern novel首部现代小说, greatest novel ever written.,Northern Renaissance Art 艺术,Their goal was to stimulate religious felling in their viewers (compared: Italian Renaissance artists goal wa
18、s the representation of idealized human beauty) Jan van Eyck让范爱克(1390-1441), Dutch painter, “father of oil painting”油画之父 Albrecht Drer阿尔布雷特丢勒(1471-1528), German painter and engraver雕刻家, greatest artist in Northern Renaissance.,Jan van Eyck让范爱克, “father of oil painting”油画之父The Arnolfini Portrait 阿诺芬尼
19、夫妇像,Albrecht Drer阿尔布雷特丢勒, greatest artist in Northern Renaissance,Self-portrait Saint Christopher,Renaissance Science 科学,Astronomy天文学: heliocentric theory日心说(cf. geocentric theory地心说) Copernicus哥白尼(1473-1543), Polish Kepler开普勒(1571-1630), German Galileo伽利略(1564-1642), Italian The Copernican Revoluti
20、on overturned the medieval worldview and paved the way for modern science.,Summary,The Renaissance originated in Italy in 1350 spread to other parts of Europe since 1450. As a revival of classical learning. As a revival of humanism. An optimistic view of human nature and belief in the power of educa
21、tion. In the 16th century, Renaissance gave way to the Reformation宗教改革.,3 Eras of Western History 西方历史的三个时期,Modern现代史(今天导学的焦点是现代初期 Early Modernity, 14th-18th century) Renaissance文艺复兴 (1350-1600, or the 14th-17th century) Reformation宗教改革 (1500-1600, or the 16th century) The Renaissance and Reformatio
22、n coincided.同时发生,Reformation宗教改革 (1500-1600, or the 16th century),Definition: The Reformation 宗教改革: 16th-century European movement for reform of the Roman Catholic Church, which resulted in the establishment of Reformed or Protestant Churches 宗教改革（16世纪欧洲改革天主教会的运动, 产生了新教）. Protestant 新教: they launche
23、d a protest against the Roman Catholic Church and called for reform. Hence “Protestant”.,Background: Previously: in the Middle Ages (5th-15th century), Christianity dominated Europeans life. In 1054, the Great Schism between Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. Now: in the 16th century
24、, the Roman Catholic Church was religiously and politically powerful as an overall hierarchical economic-political network. i.e. pope教皇 cardinals红衣主教 archbishops大主教, bishops主教, priests神父,Socially: the Roman Catholic Church imposed heavy taxes and dues会费 on ordinary people. E.g. tithe什一税(one tenth of
25、 the annual produce of a farm), Peters Pence彼得捐(An annual voluntary contribution to pope) Demanded free work from the peasants on Church land. Peasants had to pay for Church rites.,Religiously: corruption and malpractices within the Roman Catholic Church E.g. The practice of Simony买卖圣职. The sales of
26、 Indulgence 赎罪券Holy Trade Low religious and personal standards: little knowledge of the Bible or Latin, many clergymen married or kept mistresses and had illegitimate children.,Politically: the Roman Catholic Church had conflicts with other territorial states (领土所属国, 当时欧洲很多地区如德国、瑞士处于神圣罗马帝国统治之下，另外许多已
27、经独立的欧洲国家如英国仍受到罗马教廷的控制和干涉。因此不少欧洲国家/地区的王公贵族为了加强自身权力，都支持新教，反对罗马教廷) over the subjects, territory, jurisdiction, economy, administration,Culturally: the impact of the Renaissance. Humanism. Individualism. Liberty. Method of learning: back to the originals, including the Bible.,The Reformation in Germany,
28、Martin Luther (1483-1546), leader of the Reformation In 1517, Luther nailed a poster to the church door in Wittenberg: 95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences: which marks the beginning of Reformation. Two fundamental assertions: Justification by faith 通过信仰得到赦免和拯救（而不是通过罗马教廷的赎罪券Indulgence） Bible as the
29、 sole authority in religious affairs（而不是听从罗马天主教会对圣经的解读） 1522, the first Holy Bible in vernacular German. By 1530 the rulers of Saxony, Hesse, Brandenburg, and Brunswick, as well as the kings of Sweden and Denmark had been converted to Lutheranism.,The Reformation in Switzerland,Ulrich Zwingli茨温利 (14
30、84-1531). A year younger than Luther, he was similar to Luther in many ways. John Calvin加尔文 (1509-1564): the most influential religious leader of the Protestant Reformation. Stricter than Luther. Strict moral order. Spread of Calvinism: Presbyterianism (Scotland)【长老教会】, Huguenots (France)【胡格诺派】, Pur
31、itanism (England)【清教徒】.,The Reformation in England,A separate English national church: Anglican Church, or the Church of England英国国教，或英格兰圣公会教会. Henry VIII: Catholic Protestant, “I want a divorce!”. The reasons for his reform were mainly personal and political, not religious, like other Reformation m
32、ovements. Edward I: the Protestant Mary I: the Catholic: bloody Mary血腥玛丽. Elizabeth I: the Elizabethan Compromise伊利莎白的妥协政策. (The middle way: condemned Catholic teachings and practices, but also forbade extreme Protestantism. ),These Reformation movements have something in common:,Rejection of the au
33、thority of the Roman Church Importance of faith. Bible as the sole authority. Rejection of the supernatural nature of the priest. Use of vernacular languages 【本国语、本地话】instead of Latin for church services. Simplification of rituals【简化宗教仪式】. Most of the Reformation movements laid stress, not on innova
34、tion, but on return to a primitive simplicity.,The Catholic Counter-Reformation 天主教的反宗教改革运动,In Europe the Protestant Reformation resulted in Catholic self-criticism自我批评 and self-reform自我改革. 1545, The Council of Trent特伦特大公会议, The most thoroughgoing彻底的 reform in the Church history. Efforts were made t
35、o eliminate corruption (e.g. prohibition of the sales of indulgences) and preserve morality, marking the beginning of the modern Catholic Church Won back many of its followers in Europe. 1534, the foundation of the Society of Jesus耶稣会 (its member called the Jesuit) by Ignatius Loyola罗耀拉 (1491-1556)
36、Won popular respect in Europe through the purity of their lives and their learning. Helped to stop the spread of Protestantism. Succeeded in the missionary work beyond Europe (including China).,The Influences of the Reformation,End of universal Christendom. Rise of territorial Absolute Monarchy. Anticipation of the rise of nationalism. Promotion of capitalism. Improvement of education and secularization.,期末考试,不考的章节有（1）古代近东，（2）中世纪末期 考试题型：（1）单选题，50道。（2）判断正误题30道。 请同学们结合课本、在线作业、录像与导学来复习。,
