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类型介词用法与练习.doc

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    1、介词学习与练习一、概述介词是一种结构词,不能单独担任句子成分。介词的作用是表示它后面的宾语同句中其他词语之间的关系。介词与它的宾语构成介词短语可以充当多种句子成分。如:The cost of food is rising. (定语)She was ill during the meeting. (状语)I found him in very good shape.(宾语补足语)通常介词可分为四类:简单介词:at, in, from, on复合介词:upon, inside, outside双重介词:from behind, from among短语介词:in case of, accordin

    2、g to二、介词的意义1表示时间的介词in 表示“在某一时间段” ,或“在某一时候” ,如用在月、季、年份、时代、世纪等时间名词的前面,或用来泛指一天的某一段时间。In July/summer/2000/ancient times/the 1999sIn the morning/afternoon/eveningIn 也可以指 “在之后” ,表示从说话起的若干时间内,如:The bus will be here in ten minutes.On 表示“在特定的某一天” ,也可用于带有修饰语的一天的某个时间段之前。如:on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on t

    3、he morning of August 1stat 表示“在某一时间点” ,或用来表示不确定的时间和短期的假日、时节等。如:at six oclock, at Easter介词 over, through (out)两者均指“经过的全部时间” 。Stay over the Christmas.介词 for, since; for 表示动作或状态延续的全部时间长度,为“长达”之意;since 用于指从过去特定的某个时刻到说话时为止的一段时间;两者往往用于完成时。I have been there for six years.We have not seen each other since 1

    4、993.During 指“在时期/时间内” ,必须以表示一段时间的词或词组作宾语。She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little.2表示地点的介词介词 above, over, on, on top of. Above 和 below 分别表示高于和低于的意思,不一定指垂直方向上的上下;over 和 under 分别表示垂直方向上的上下和高低;on/on top of 和 beneath/underneath 表示“和表面相接触”意义上的上下。以上三对介词互为反义词。The temple stands on top of

    5、the hill.The pen is beneath the book.There is a lamp over the desk.介词 at 指小地点或集会场合;on 表示线或面上的位置;in 表示在立体、区域或环境内,特别是那些教大,能够容纳相应事物的环境。He works at Peking University.Your radio is on the desk.The boat is in the lake.介词 in, on, off, to 表示相当于某个区域或某个物体的位置关系:in 表示在区域的里面;on 表示在区域的边界附近,可以是属于这个区域的一部分或相互接壤;off

    6、也表示在区域的边界附近,但一般不是属于这个区域的一部分;to 表示在区域的边界更远些的附近,所以不是属于这个区域的一部分或不互相接壤。Japan is to the east of China and Mongolia is on the north.Taiwan is in the east of China but is off the mainland.介词 between 用来说明“在两者之间”或“三个以上人物或事物中的两者之间的相互关系” ;among 用来说明“在两者以上之间”的相互关系;amid(amidst)和 among 都可以用来表示没有确定数目的物体之间的相互关系,ami

    7、d 多用于正式文体。There is a small river between the two villages.The book is the best among these modern novels.介词 in front of 和 behind 指前、后的相对位置。She always looks in front of and behind the car before she starts it.介词 round, pass 指“绕过” ;其中 pass 指“从旁边经过” ;through 指“从之中穿过” 。The movie theater is round the cor

    8、ner.He lives in the village past the bus stop through the park.3表示原因的介词for 常常表示褒贬、奖惩的原因或心理原因。They will reward you for your help.Due to 常常用来引导形容词性的短语,作定语或表语。Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.From 和 out of 常常表示动机或原因;through 表示消极或间接的原因。He feels weak from lack of sleep.He broke

    9、down through overwork.4表示目的的介词for 表示拟定的接收人或目的;to 表示实际的接收人或目的。I bought the gift for my little sister.I gave the gift to my little sister.For 和 to 都可以引导目的地。For 跟在含有出发或开始意义的动词后,如:leave, set out, start, depart, sail 等;to 跟在含有来来往往地行动的意义的动词后,如:go, come, run, walk, move, fly, drive, ride 等。We have left for

    10、 Hong Kong.He flew to America via Hong Kong.At 还可引导行为的目标或精力的集中点。He shot at the bird.5表示“关于”的介词一般 about 用于比较随便的谈话或非正式的文体;on 用于正式的讲话、著作或报告中;of 用于动词 talk, read, know, say, hear, boast 等的后面。如:What are you talking about?A paper on selfdom in Russian.In terms of natural resources6表示原料的介词of 和 out of 表示制成品的

    11、材料仍保持原材料的性质;with 表示制成产品的一种成分;from 表示制成品已失去了原材料的性质;in 表示制成品的材料的色调或特殊性。His house was built of brick.He made these toys out of old cigar-boxes.A fruitcake is made with fruit.Steel is made from iron.We have furniture of this design in oak and in walnut.7表示价格的介词at 和 for 都可表示价格,at 仅表示价格,for 还表示 “交换” ,如:Eg

    12、gs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here.I bought it for five pounds.8表示其他意义的介词in spite of, despite, for(all),with(all)等表示让步意义的介词。其中:despite 较为正式,in spit of 较为普通,for/with(all)较为口语化。In spite of / despite the bad weather 尽管天气不好For / with all his shortcomings 尽管他有许多缺点except 和 but 表示不包含的意义,只是单纯地将其后面所接的人或事物排

    13、除在外,一般不用于句首,多跟在表示一个集体的名词或代词后作定语。He gets up early every day except Sunday.Who would do such a thing but Peter?Except for 和 apart from 表示不包含的意义,所引导的短语,主要用于状语,以修饰全句,意为“除了有之外” , “只是”等,用于引出一个相反的细节或原因,因而部分地修正了全句的主要意思。Except for Jack, the whole class passed the test.Apart from its cost, the plan was a good

    14、 one.Except for 和 but for 表示不包含的意义,可以引导有否定意义的条件状语从句。Except for/But for the storm we should have arrived earlier.Except 指从整体中除去一部分,而 besides 则表示“除之外还有”的意义。Nobody was late except me.He had few friends besides us.表示超过或不足的介词有:above, beyond, over, past; below, beneath, under 等,如:beyond description 难以形容be

    15、low/under the average 低于平均水平表示状态的介词有:at,off, in, under, out of 等,如:on fire 着火off duty 下班out of fashion 过时表示支持的 with, for 和表示反对的 againstIm with you in all you say.Are you for or against the plan?三、介词的搭配1介词与动词的搭配同一介词可以与不同的动词搭配,表示不同的意思。以 of 为例:Jack reminds her grandma of her husband because he looks ju

    16、st like him.(使想起)Have you ever heard of such a thing? (听说)She often spoke of her life in China. (谈起)The lady was robbed of 10 dollars on her way home. (抢劫)Thanks for thinking of me. (思念)同一动词可以与不同的介词搭配使用,表示不同的意思。以 look 为例:Look after the children. (照顾)He looked at the timetable. (看)What are you lookin

    17、g for? (寻找)The police are looking into the case. (调查)在许多动词+介词的结构中,介词实际上是动词的一部分,与动词一起构成短语动词。2介词与形容词的搭配介词短语是形容词补语的一种,下面介绍几个常与形容词搭配的介词。At: (1)表示对某种因素在情绪上的反应,如:I am angry at their not telling me.这类形容词还有:amazed, pleased, hurt, disappointed, excited, delighted, worried 等;(2)表示在某方面的能力,如:Hes good at tennis.

    18、这类形容词还有:adept, expert, show, hopeless, useless 等。In 表示方面,如:He is successful in everything he does.这类形容词还有:lacking , interested, efficient, lucky 等。About 表示对象,如:I am curious about her motives.这类形容词还有:certain, careful, careless, happy, pleased, sure, anxious 等。To 表示目标,如:Your arguments are contrary to

    19、reason.这类形容词还有:acceptable, answerable, equal, hateful, kind, natural, painful, peculiar, pleasant, polite, rude, similar, strange, used 等。With 表示伴随,如:Your arguments are not consistent with your previous remarks.这类形容词还有:complete, content, angry, busy, consistent, horrified, pleased, upset 等。For: (1)表

    20、示对象,如:We are eager for news.这类形容词还有: bound, adequate, famous, fit, necessary, sorry, ready 等;(2)表示分离,如:She was absent from the meeting.这类形容词还有:free, different, separate, safe 等。3介词与名词的搭配介词与名词的搭配常常用在由动词、形容词等转换而来的名词的后面。如:We cant ignore their concern for the matter.His absence from school was caused by

    21、 illness.四、介词的分类简单介词(由一个单词构成)如 at, from, by, under, near 等。复合介词(由介词与介词或其他词合成的一个介词)into, inside, outside, within等。双重介词(由两个简单介词联合形成)如 from across, since before 等。短语介词(由两个或两个以上构成的介词词组)如 because of , instead of 等。时间介词at 后面通常接某一点时间或者时刻。如 at 5 oclock, at dark.in 用在某朝代年月季节上午下午晚上等时间名词后面表示一段时间。如 in June, in

    22、the afternoon, in winter.on 用在特定的,具体的某一天,如 on the morning of May, on a cold day.by 表示不迟于,在之前。如 They have learned 5000 words by the end of this year.after 后面接时间点,表示在之后。如 After lunch, we went shopping.for 后面接时间段,表示有多久。如 He stayed in USA for 10 years.since 后面一般接时间点,表示动作或状态从某点时间开始一直持续到现在。如She has lived

    23、here since 2008.地点介词at 表示在较小的地方(村庄, 小城镇,门牌); in 表示在较大的地方 (国家,城市),在某物范围内;on 表示在某物上(表面接触)。across 表示横过,从一个平面的表面通过;through 表示从一个空间的内部穿过;over 表示从物体的上方跨过;past 表示从物体的旁边经过 , 如 across the road, through the forest.on 表示接壤;in 表示在某个范围以内; to 表示在某一范围以外,不接壤; off 表示在海面上靠近海岸的地方,如 Japan lies to the east of China.其他重点

    24、介词besides 表示包含 , 除 之外还有;except 表示排除, 除之外;but 表示排除, 多与 nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all, who 等连用;except for 表示除去整体中的部分,“只是, 只不过,美中不足的是 ”。beyond 表示超过 , 超越。如 beyond my power.介词练习(一)、根据提示完整下列词组 1. 在报纸上_ the newspaper2. 在医务室 _ the doctors3.一小时又一小时地连续地 hour _ hour4. 在白天这个时候 at this t

    25、ime _ day5. 成双,成对 _ pairs6. 最后,终于 _ the end 7. 在星期天上午 _ Sunday morning8. 从到 from. _9. 在同时 _ the same time10. 准时,不早不晚 _ time(二)、请填入适当的介词 1. Mid-Autumn Day usually comes _ September or October.2. Thank you very much _ asking me to Marys birthday party _Sunday.3. The farmers are all busy getting ready

    26、_ the next year.4. A: Would you like Chinese tea _ sugar and milk, Chen Hui?B: Oh no! Id like Chinese tea _ nothing in it, please.5. Please draw a line _ A and B.6. _ the window, I could see a big tree lying across the ground.7. My sister has lived in France _ 1982.8. Do you know what we are working

    27、 _ ?9. They often climb _ the hill.10. Professor Zhang has just come back _ Japan.(三)、选择填空 1. A fish cant live _ water.A. with B. at C. in D. without2. There is a table _ the corner of the room.A. in B. to C. at D. on3. Mrs Green has lived _ London _ ten years.A. at, for B. in, since C. in, for D. o

    28、n, by4. Christmas Day is _ December 25.A. at B. on C. in D. by5. My teacher often helps me _ my English, _ her help, I have caught up _ the class.A. with, under, with B. with, with, with C. of, with, to D. in, under, with6. There is a bookstore (书店) _ the other side of the street.A. in B. on C. for

    29、D. at7. The basket is full _ vegetables.A. aboutB. of C. with D. on8. _ my way home, I met an old friend of mine.A. In B. By C. On D. At9. The sun rises _ the east and goes down _ the west.A. in, in B. on, on C. from, from D. at, at10. There is no hole(洞) _ the wall.A. on B. in C. at D. over11. We l

    30、ay down _ a tree to rest.A. underB. over C. above D. below12. He wore a pair of glasses _ his nose.A. on B. over C. above D. under13. The plane has just flown _ my head.A. on B. over C. above D. at14. There will be a class meeting _ Friday afternoon.A. at B. in C. on D. for15. There is a railway _ t

    31、hese two cities.A. between B. among C. in D. at16. We will listen to a talk _ British history.A. at B. on C. with D. by17. I am sure hell be back _ an hour.A. after B. in C. for D. to18. They had learned one thousand English words _ the end of last term.A. at B. in C. by D. about19. Hurry up, or wel

    32、l be late _ class.A. at B. of C. to D. for20. _ all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.A. Of B. In C. With D. Among21. There are some flowers _ the house.A. in front of B. in the front of C. on front of D. on the front of22. Jenny was born _.A.in the year 1980, at 10 a.m. on June 14th B.

    33、on June 14th at 10 a.m. in the year 1980C.at 10 a.m. in the year 1980 on June 14th D.at 10 a.m. on June 14th in the year 198023. There is a bridge _ the river.A. on B. at C. below D. over24. The other day the man jumped _ the river to save the child.A. in B. into C. on D. over25. The little girl saw

    34、 a beautiful bird _ the tree.A. on B. in C. into D. at26. A poor boy _ me couldnt go to school in the old days.A. aboutB. as C. on D. like27. He arrived _ Shanghai _ January 5 _ 10:00.A. in, on, in B. at, on, on C.in, on, at D. in, on, by28. It is very kind _ you to give me the present.A. of B. for

    35、C. from D. with29. They were talking _ the film when I met them.A. to B. with C. on D. about30. Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart _ it.A. in B. at C. into D. to答案 (一)、1. in 2. at 3. after 4. of5. in 6. in 7. on 8. to 9. at 10. on(二)、1. in 2. for,on 3. for 4. with, with 5. between6. Thro

    36、ugh 7. since 8. for 9. up 10. from(三)、1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B6. B 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. B11. A 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. A16. B 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. A21. A 22. D 23. D 24. B 25. B26. D 27. C 28. A 29. D 30. C介词学习掌握知识点:早、午、晚要用 in 例:in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天

    37、at 黎明、午、夜、点与分 例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候 at noon 在中午 at night 在夜间 at midnight 在午夜 以上短语都不用冠词 at six oclock 在 6 点钟 at 7:30 (seven thirty) 在 7 点半 at half past eleven 在 11 点半 at nine fifteen 在 9 点 15 分 at ten thirty a.m. 在上午 10 点 30 分 也可以写成 seven to five 5 点差 7 分(半小时以上) five minutes after two 2 点过 5

    38、分 at a quarter to two 1 点 45 分 at the weekend 在周末 年、月、年月、季节、周: 即在“来年”,在“某月”,在“ 某年某月” (但在某年某月某 日则用 on),在四季,在第几周等都要用 in。 例;in 1986 在 1986 年 in 1927 在 1927 年 in April 在四月 in March 在三月 in December 1986 1986 年 12 月 in July l983 1983 年 7 月 in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季 in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季 in the fis

    39、t week of this semester 这学期的第一周 in the third week 在第三周 阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 in; 即在阳光下,在灯下,在树阴下,穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用 in。 例:Dont read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。 They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。They are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。 a prisoner in irons 带着镣铐的囚犯 He went in

    40、the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。 The poor dressed (clothed) in rags in old society. 旧社会穷人们衣衫褴褛 以及:in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下 a merchant in disguise 乔装的商人 the woman in white (black, red, yellow) 穿着白(黑、红、黄)色衣服的妇女 in uniform 穿着制服 in mourning 穿着丧服 in brown shoes 穿着棕色鞋 in his shirt slee

    41、ves 穿着衬衫 将来时态 in: .以后 例: They will come back in 10 days. 他们将 10 天以后回来。 Ill come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。 Well be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来。 Come and see me in two days time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始) after. (从过去开始) 小处 at 大处 in 例:Li and I arrived at Heishan county safe and sound, all is well. Dont worry.

    42、 李和我平安地到达黑山县,一切很好,勿念。 I live in a great city (big city), my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village. 我住在大城市,我姐姐住在一个小城镇,而我的父母则住在农村。 Im in Liaoning, at Anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市 有形 with 无形 by,语言 、单位、材料 in 例:The workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形) The teacher is correct

    43、ing the paper with a new pen. 这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形 ) “Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy“ is a good opera. 是出好戏。(无形 ) The product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil. 这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。 (表示方式、手段、方法无形) I really cant express my idea in English freely in-deed 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。 (表示某种语言用

    44、in) I wrote a novel in Russian. 我用俄语写了一本小说。(同上) The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system 公里是米制中最长的长度单位。 (表示度、量、衡单位的用 in ) The length is measured in meter, kilometre, and centimetre. 长度是以米、公里、厘米为单位来计算的。(同上) This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的,不是金铸的。 特征、方面与方式、心情

    45、、成语惯用 in 特征或状态: 例: The Democratic Party was then in power. 那时民主党执政。 They found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。 He has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。 Many who came in despair went away in hope. 许多人带着绝望情绪而来,却满怀希望而去。 The house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。 The poor girl was in tears.

    46、 这个贫苦女孩泪流满面。 Her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。 His shoes were in holes. 他的鞋穿出窟窿了。 I only said it in fun. 我说这话只是开玩笑的。 She spoke in grief rather than in anger. 与其说她讲得很气愤,不如说她讲得很伤心。 还有一些短语也用 in,如: in jest 诙谐地,in joke 开玩笑地,in spite 恶意地, in fairness 公正地,in revenge 报复, in mercy 宽大,in sorrow 伤心地等。 His min

    47、d was in great confusion. 他脑子里很乱。 Today everybody is in high spirits and no one is in low ebb. 今天大家都兴高采烈,没有一个情绪低落的。 She and her classmates are in flower ages. 她和她的同学都正值妙龄。 The compaign was in full swing. 运动正值高潮中。 方面: 例:we accepted the item in principle. 我们在原则上接受了这个条款。 They are never backward in givi

    48、ng their views. 他们从来不怕发表自己的意见。 The backward area has achieved self-sufficient in grain. 这个落后的地区在粮食方面已能自给。 A good teacher must be an example in study. 一个好的教师必须是学习的模范。 方式: 例:All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. 所有报告都用速记记录下来了。The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and in

    49、ternationalism. 党一贯以爱国主义和国际主义精神教育我们。 如下成语惯用 in 例如: in all 总计 in advance 事前 in the meantime 与此同时 in place 适当地 in hopes of(或 in the hope of) 怀着.希望 in connection with 和有关 in contact with 和联系 in addition to 除以外 in case of 倘若,万一 in conflict with 和冲突 in force 有效的,大批 in depth 彻底地 in regard to 关于 in the neighborhood of 大约、邻近 in retro

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