1、Unit 5 Creative MindsPart I-AGasoline automobile, German, engineer, 1885Barometer, Italian, physicist it as not used in clothes until 1930s. By 1941 zippers beat the pants off buttons in the Battle of the Fly.7. Johnson blood to heart / veins5. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy / in
2、1687Tape ScriptToday, we tell about the discoveries of ten important scientists of the past 1,000 years.The earliest of these important scientists was Johannes Gutenberg. He lived in Germany from about 1395 until about 1468. Johannes Gutenberg invented the type mould and the first successful system
3、of movable type used in Europe. This made printing books faster and easier. Johannes and others used his invention to produce books in the City of Mainz during the 1400s. The system he invented remained unchanged for 350 years. Nicolaus Copernicus was another important scientist. He is considered th
4、e founder of the modern science of astronomy, the study of the planets and stars in the universe. Nicoluas Copernicus was born in Poland in 1473. At that time, most scientists accepted the idea that the earth was at the center of the universe and did not move. The Greek astronomer Ptolemy had develo
5、ped this idea more than 1,000 years earlier. Ptolemy also said that all the other objects in space moved around the earth. Copernicus believed that every planet, including the earth, moved around the sun. He also believed these theories in 1543. These theories were not accepted in his lifetime. But
6、by the early 1600s, other scientists began to develop the method that would prove Copernicus correct. One of these scientists was Galileo Galilei. He was born in Italy in 1564. Galileo was the first to use the telescope to discover new information about the planet and stars. He decided that the theo
7、ry hat all planets circled the sun was correct. The Roman Catholic Church condemned Galileo for saying Copernicus was right. For centuries, the Church had taught that the sun, the planets and the stars moved around the earth. Three hundred and fifty passed before the Roman Catholic Church admitted o
8、fficially that it was wrong and withdrew its condemnation of Galileo.Our fourth scientist of the millennium is William Harvey. He was born in England in 1578. He discovered how blood moves in animals and people. Dr Harvey described this in 1628 in the book An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the He
9、art and of the Blood in Animals, This work was the start of all modern research on the hart and blood vessels. Dr Harvey based his discoveries on observations and by cutting open dead animals and humans. Dr Harveys experiments showed that the heart forces blood through the arteries to the body. He s
10、howed that the blood returns to the heart through the veins. His idea conflicted with the widely accepted ideas of the time. It has been called one of the most important medical discoveries of the millennium.Isaac Newton was another influential scientists of the past 1,000 year. Many experts say he
11、was the most important scientist of them all. He was born in England in 1642. Isaas Newton invented a new kind of mathematics called calculus. He discovered the secrets of light and color and his theory of gravitation showed how the universe is held together. Isaac Newton published his discoveries o
12、n the laws of motion and the theory of gravitation in 1687 in his book The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. It was the first book to describe a unified system of scientific rules explaining what happens on earth and in the universe. It is considered one of the greatest works in the his
13、tory of science. Part III - A1809, evolutionFrance, a. Pasteurization, b. Germ, c.vaccination, disease1847, a.motion, b. recording, c. electric light, d. Telephone, e. Machine, electricity, f.motorsAustria, a. Dreams, unconscious self, b. Modern psychiatry. C.sexual development1879, relativity, E=mc
14、2Part III - BT. 1. Charles Darwin thought that all living things developed from simple organisms.F. 2. Darwinss ideas were strongly opposed by many religious people in the past. But now people are all in favor of them.T. 3. Louis Pasteur believed that it is tiny organisms that spread more diseasesT.
15、 4. Thomas Edison considered the motion pictures his most important invention.T. 5. Albert Einsteins most famous theory is about time, space, mass, movement and gravity.T. 6. Albert Einsteins most famous theory led to the discovery of atomic energy.Tape scriptCharles Darwin was another important sci
16、entist of the past 1,000 years. He was born in England in 1809. In 1859, he published a book called On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. He explained his ideas that all living things developed from simple organisms. He said these organisms changed during millions of years to produ
17、ce different kinds of plants and animals, including humans. This is known as the theory of evolution. Charles Darwins studies showed that some animals and plants have natural abilities that help them survive. They pass these abilities to their young when they reproduce. Other plants and animals that
18、 are less able to survive and reproduce may disappear. Charles Darwins theories provided new ideas about the developments of living things. However, they shocked many religious people. Many people today still strongly oppose the theory of evolution because it conflicts with their religious beliefs.
19、Our next important scientist of the past 1,000 years is Louis Pasteur. His discoveries saved many lives. Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in France. He became a professor of chemistry. He discovered that heat could kill harmful microorganism. Soon this Pasteurization method was used to keep many foods
20、 and drinks safe. He also helped us establish the germ theory when he recognized that most diseases are spread by tiny organisms that reproduce in the body. Louis Pasteur also proved that an animal can develop a resistance to a harmful organism if the organism is weekend in a laboratory and injected
21、 into the animals body. He called this method of preventing disease vaccination. He developed vaccines to prevent deadly diseases in animals and people. The inventor Thomas Edison was another influential scientist. He was born in the United States in 1847. His work made possible the progress of tech
22、nology in the 20th century. Almost everyone has been affected by the inventions of Thomas Edison. These include the motion pictures, sound recording, and electric light. They are only three of the many devices Thomas Edison invented or helped to improve. H e also invented devices to improve the tele
23、phone. He improved machines that produced electricity. And he worked on many electric motors, including those for trains. Thomas Edison once said the electric light was the most difficult to develop. He also called it his most important invention.Our next scientist of the millennium is the Austrian
24、doctor Sigmund Freud. He changed scientific ideas about the mind. Dr Freud was born in 1856 in Moravia. He established the idea that dreams help us understand our unconscious self. He said this is the part of the mind containing wishes, desires, or bad experiences too frightening to recognize. Sigmu
25、nd Freuds work on the causes and treatment of mental sickness helped to form the ideas of modern psychiatry. His ideas about sexual development led to the discussion and treatment of sexual problems. Many of Sigmund Freuds ideas are no longer used today, but no one disputes his great influence on th
26、e science of mental health. Our final scientist of the past 1,000 years is Albert Einstein. He changed the way we understand the universe. The great scientist was born in Germany in 1879. In 1905, Albert Einstein published one of the most important scientific documents in history. It explained his s
27、pecial theory of relativity. This theory is about the ideas we use to describe natural events. It is about time, space, mass, movement and gravity. Albert Einstein is perhaps best known for his mathematical statement E=MC2 or energy equals mass times the speed of light squared. This statement explai
28、ned that a great amount of energy could come from a small piece of matter. It explained how the sun could give off heat and light for millions of years. It also led to the discovery of atomic energy. Albert Einsteins theories, like those of the other great scientists of the millennium changed our world.Part IVControl, sort, on the page, working out, a whole section, fail,in a position, repeat, Vocabulary, stop, its context, barrier, miss, lost,Determination, go, rephrase, a half-missed point, the gap, purpose, key words, main points,ahead of, incompleteness
