1、#*商务英语入门术语汇编Chapter 1：Terms English Definition 中文翻译sole proprietorship An organization that is owned, and usually managed, by one person is called a sole proprietorship.个人独资企业partnership A partnership is a legal relationship between persons carrying on a profit-motivated business.合伙企业general partner
2、ship A general partnership is a business with at least one general partner who has unlimited liability for the debts of the business.普通合伙general partner 主要合伙人limited partnership A limited partnership is an arrangement where a person can contribute a business without being involved in the affairs of
3、the partnership.有限合伙limited partner 有限合伙人investor 投资者creditor 债权人liability 债务责任corporation The corporation is a legal entity（法人实体） ，allowed by legislation, which permits a group of people, as shareholders or members, to create an organization, which can then focus on pursuing set objectives. （股份制）公司
4、for-profit company 营利性公司non-profit company 非营利性公司limited liability 有限责任（以出资额为限）unlimited liability 无线责任（个人财产也要用于清算）double taxation The corporation has to pay taxes on its profits. The stockholders mush also pay income tax on the dividends they receive through ownership.双重课税joint venture A joint vent
5、ure is the pooling of resources and expertise by two or more businesses, typically from different areas or countries to achieve a particular goal.合资公司limited liability companies（LLC）A limited liability company(LLC) is a type of business ownership combining several features of corporation and partner
6、ship 有限责任公司#*structures.minute 会议记录merger A merger is the result of the combination of two or more companies to form a new company.兼并acquisition An acquisition is one company buying the property and obligations of another company.收购horizontal merger A horizontal merger joins firms in the same indust
7、ry and allows them to diversity or expand their products.横向兼并vertical merger A vertical is the joining of two firms involved in different stages of related businesses a manufacturer merging with a supplier of component products, or a manufacturer merging with a distributor of its products.纵向兼并conglo
8、merate merger A conglomerate merger unites firms in completely unrelated industries.混合兼并franchise A franchise is the right to use a business name and sell products or services, usually in a specific geographical territory.特许franchising 特许经营franchiser the person who sells a franchise 特许者franchisee th
9、e person who buys a franchise 被特许者Chapter 2：Terms English Definition 中文翻译bandwagon effect 从众效应market assessment 市场评估market niche 缝隙市场market research 市场调查business plan Business plan is a detailed written document that defines the goals of your business and describes the means you will use to attain t
10、hose goals, the advantages the business will have in relation to competition, and the resources and qualifications of the owners.企业计划书，企划书lease agreement A lease agreement is a contract between you and the owner of the property.租赁协议general business license A general business license is assessed annu
11、ally for the privilege of operating a business in the jurisdiction.普通经营许可证special licenseA special license is one that is issued to a business that will provide products or services that require regulation.特殊经营许可证#*cash float 现金流overdraft 透支bank statement 银行结单Chapter 3：Terms English Definition 中文翻译f
12、ringe benefits 附加福利corporate ethics corporate ethics are the evaluation of corporate activities and behavior as right or wrong.企业道德ethical dilemma 道德困境corporate social responsibility（CSR）Corporate social responsibility is the awareness that business activities have an impact on society, and the cons
13、ideration of that impact by firms in decision making.企业社会责任corporate culture Corporate culture is described as the personality of an organization, including such elements as core values and beliefs, corporate ethics, and rules of behavior.企业文化core values 核心价值观risk-taking personality 喜欢冒险的个性attention
14、-to-detail personalities注重细节的个性outcome-oriented personalities注重结果的个性customer service 客服people-oriented personality以人为本的个性team-oriented personality 注重团队合作的个性aggressive personality 积极进取的个性non-stable personality 不求稳的个性codes of ethics 道德规范corporate climate 企业氛围Chapter 4：Terms English Definition 中文翻译mana
15、gement Management is defined as the application of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling functions in the most efficient manner possible to accomplish meaningful organizational objectives.管理#*planning Planning is a management function which means defining goals for future organizational p
16、erformance and deciding on the tasks and use of resources needed to attain them.计划strategic planning / long-range planningStrategic planning determines the major goals of the organization as well as the policies, procedures, and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals.战略规
17、划/长期规划tactical planning / short-range planningTactical planning is the process of developing detailed, short-term strategies about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to be done.战术规划/短期规划operational planning Operational planning is the process of setting work standards and schedules n
18、ecessary to implement the tactical objectives. 运营规划contingency planning Contingency planning is the process of preparing alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans dont achieve the organizations objectives.应急计划organizing Organizing is a management function that typically fol
19、lows planning and reflects how the organization tries to accomplish the plan.组织structural reorganization 结构重组directing directing is the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals.领导，指挥autocratic leadership Autocratic leadership, the close style of supervision, means provi
20、ding subordinates with detailed job instructions.专制型领导democratic leadership Democratic leadership, the general supervision, is a management style in which the manager consults with subordinates about job activities, problems, and corrective actions.民主性领导controlling Controlling is a management functi
21、on that involves verifying that actual performance matches the plan.控制organizational structure Organizational structure is the formal decision-making framework by which job tasks are divided, grouped, and coordinated.组织结构top-level managers Top managers are those who take the responsibility of settin
22、g organizational goals, defining strategies for achieving them, monitoring and interpreting the external environment, and making decisions that affect 高层管理者#*the entire organization.middle-level managers Middle-level managers are those who receive the broad overall strategies, missions, and objectiv
23、es from top-level managers and translate them into specific action programs.中层管理者first-level managers First-level managers are those who emphasize directing and controlling the work of employees in order to achieve the team goals.基层管理者supervisor 主管（基层管理者）managerial roles 经理人角色figurehead role The man
24、ager handles ceremonial and symbolic activities for the department or organization.名誉领袖角色liaison role The manager interacts with peers and people inside and outside the organization.联络人角色leader role The leader role encompasses relationships with subordinates, including motivation, communication, and
25、 influence.领导人角色monitor role The manager receives and collects information from many sources.监听者角色disseminator role The manager transmits special information into the organization.传播者角色spokesperson role The manager disseminates the organizations information into its environment.发言人角色entrepreneur rol
26、e The manager initiates change. 企业家角色disturbance handler role The manager resolves conflicts among subordinates or between his/her department and other departments.障碍排除者resource allocator role The resource allocator role is about decisions of allocating people, time, equipment, budget, and other res
27、ources to attain desired outcomes.资源分配者negotiator role The manager negotiates on behalf of the organization.谈判者conceptual skill conceptual skill is the cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole and the relationship among its parts.概念技能human skill Human skill is the managers ability to wor
28、k with and through other people and to work effectively as a group member.人际技能technical skill Technical skill is the understanding of and proficiency in the performance of specific tasks.技术技能/业务技能#*Chapter 5：Terms English Definition 中文翻译production Production is the process of transforming inputs suc
29、h as raw materials into outputs such as goods and services.生产manufacturing Manufacturing is one part of production which means making goods by hand or with machinery as opposed to extracting things from the earth (mining and fishing).制造operation Operations are the functions needed to keep the compan
30、y producing, literally any function or series of functions introduced to carry out a strategic plan.运作inputs Inputs to the production process are those resources that will be needed to produce the desired goods or services.投入品transformation Transformation consists of those production activities that
31、 take the inputs and combine them in some special way to produce the output.改造，转换outputs The output is the final result of the production process.产品plant location Plant location can mean the difference between profit and loss for a firm.厂址的选定production process 生产工艺manufacturing process 制造工艺assembly
32、process 装配工艺synthetic process 合成工艺analytic process 分解工艺continuous process 连续性生产工艺intermittent process 机械性生产工艺materials management 物料管理materials requirements planning (MRP)MRP is a computer-based system that uses sales forecasts to make sure that needed parts and materials are available at the right
33、place and the right time.物料需求计划manufacturing resource planning （MRPII）MRPII is an advanced version of MRP that allows plants to include all the resources involved in the efficient making of a product.制造资源计划enterprise resource planning （ERP）ERP is a computer-based production and operations system tha
34、t links multiple firms into one integrated production unit.企业资源计划purchasing Purchasing is the function in the company that 采购#*searches for quality material resources.inventory Inventory refers to a list of goods and materials held available in stock.库存inventory control 库存控制manufacturer 制造商distribut
35、or 分销商wholesaler 批发商retailer 零售商Just-in-time（JIT） inventory control The idea is to have suppliers deliver their products “just in time” to go on the assembly line.准时库存控制JIT II 准时库存控制二代job schedule A job schedule is the plan for a particular job. 工作计划scheduling Scheduling amalgamate several job sched
36、ules. 制订计划production schedule / factory schedule生产计划/工厂计划master production schedule主生产计划cross-training workers 综合训练的工人program evaluation and review technique (PERT) chart项目评估与审查技术路线图critical path 关键路径flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)柔性制造系统computer-aided design（CAD）计算机辅助设计computer-aided manufactur
37、ing （CAM ）计算机辅助生产computer-aided engineering （CAE）计算机辅助工程lean manufacturing Lean manufacturing is the production of goods using less of everything compared to mass production.精益生产modular construction 组合生产productivity Productivity means the amount of products or services produced with the resources us
38、ed.生产率productivity measurement 生产率衡量performance evaluation 业绩评估quality The quality of a product or service is a customers perception of the degree to which the product or service meets his/her expectations.质量#*quality management Quality management is concerned with controlling activities with the ai
39、m of ensuring that products and services are fit for purpose and meet the specifications.质量管理quality control （QC） QC is the measurement of products and services against set standards.质量控制quality assurance （QA）QA is about how a business can design the way a product or service is produced or delivered
40、 to minimize the chances that output will be sub-standard.质量保证total quality management（ TQM）TQM infuses the concept of quality throughout every activity in a company.全面质量管理quality circles（QCs ） A quality circle is a group of 6 to 12 volunteer employees who meet regularly to discuss and solve problem
41、s affecting their common work activities.质量管理小组benchmarking benchmarking is the continuous process of measuring products, services, and practices against the toughest competitors or those companies recognized as industry leaders.标杆分析法continuous improvement Continuous improvement is a preferred metho
42、d of innovation and produces effective results.持续改进Chapter 10：Terms English Definition 中文翻译international trade The exchange of goods and services across international borders国际贸易domestic trade The exchange of goods and services within the border国内贸易absolute advantage A country has an absolute advant
43、age in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it绝对优势comparative advantage the ability of a country to produce a particular good at a lower opportunity cost over another country相对优势exchange rate The price at which one currency exchanges for another i
44、s called exchange rate.汇率currency depreciation A fall in the value of one currency in terms of another currency货币贬值currency appreciation A rise in value of one currency in terms of another currency货币升值BOP (Balance of A nations balance of payments (BOP) the 国际收支#*Payments) sum of all the transactions
45、 that take place between its residents and the residents of all foreign nations.the current account It refers to the net flow of current transactions, including goods, services, and interest payments, between countries. 经常账户the capital account It reflects the net change in national ownership of asse
46、ts.资本账户the official reserves accountThe central banks hold quantities of foreign currencies called official reserves.官方储备账户sum to zero no overall surplus or deficit, that is, the sum of the three components of the BOP must equal zero.余额归零surplus A countrys BOP is said to be in surplus by a certain a
47、mount if sources of funds exceed uses of funds by that amount.顺差deficit A countrys BOP is said to be in deficit by a certain amount if sources of funds are less than uses of funds by that amount.逆差international trade settlementWays of payments in the international trade 国际贸易结算letter of credit (L/C)
48、信用证Bill of lading The bill of lading is issued to the exporter by the common carrier transporting the merchandise.提货单Draft / Bill of exchange It refers to the instrument normally used in international commerce to effect payment.汇票credit check 信用核查tariff It is a tax levied on imports. 关税revenue tarif
49、fprotective tariff 保护性关税quota An import quota is a direct restriction on the quantity of some good that may be imported into a country.进口配额voluntary restraint agreementsTo avoid the imposition of new tariffs on their goods, countries often voluntarily restrict their exports, which is called voluntary restraint agreements.自愿限制协定embargo It is a total restriction on the import or export of a good.禁运regulatory trade restrictionsRegulatory trade restrictions are indirect methods adopted by the government to impose procedural rules that limit imports.政府监管贸易限制capitalist economy 资本主义经济#*coll
