1、数 词 用 法 专 题1. 百位数和十位数之间，在英式英语中要用“and”连接，在美式英语中一般不用。例：456：four hundred (and) fifty-six2. 百万以上的数字，英美表示法有所不同，详情如下：汉语 英式英语 美式英语万 10 thousand十万 100 thousand百万 a million千万 10 million亿 100 million十亿 a thousand million a billion百亿 10 thousand million 10 billion千亿 100 thousand million 100 billion兆（万亿） a bill
2、ion a trillion十兆（万亿） 10 billion 10 trillion百兆（万亿） 100 billion 100 trillion例：80 亿：eight thousand million（英） ，eight billion（美）3. 有关“零”的各种说法：zero：一般说法，在温度或数学上使用；nil/nothing：在运动比赛中使用；love：在网球比赛中专用；O（读音）：电话或数学用语；cipher：书面语，指符号而不指数目（有时指温度） 。例：零下 10 度：ten degrees below zeroThe result of the match was 5:0.（
3、读作 five (goals to) nil）They won 3:0.（读作 three (to) nothing）Our team leads by 10:0 in the first tennis game.（读作 ten love）Dial 110.If you have no children, enter a cipher in the space on the form.The thermometer fell below cipher yesterday.4. 在某些表示概数的习语中（如“成百上千” 、 “成千上万”等） ，基数词后要加“-s” 。例：thousands of
4、studentsmillions of childrentens of thousands of people5. hundred of，thousand of，million of 等被 a few，some，several，many 等修饰，表示不确定数字时，用单复数形式均可。例：a few thousand(s) of bookssome thousand(s) of soldiers（单用：some thousands）several hundred(s) of workers（单用：several hundred）many million(s) of birds（单用：many mi
5、llions）6. 表示“多少人组成一组，几个一起”时，基数词要用复数形式。例：The students lined in fives.She counts them in eights.The guests came in twos.（相当于 two by two/two and two）7. “第一名” 、 “第二名”可用 first，second 表示，并且可用复数形式。例：几个第 1 名：several firsts3 个第 2 名：three seconds8. 在“several/many/基数词 + dozen + 名词” 结构中，dozen 使用单数形式。 （当名词前有修饰性成
6、分时，dozen 和名词之间要用 of（不可省略） ，即“several/many/基数词 + dozen + of + 修饰词 + 名词” ，另外，score 的用法和 dozen 相同。 ）例：several/many/six dozen eggsseveral/many/six dozen of white birdsseveral/many/six score eggsseveral/many/six score of white birdsI bought several dozen/score these desks. ()I bought several dozen/score
7、of these desks. ()9. “(some) dozens/scores of + 复数名词”结构表示“好几十，很多” 。 （some dozen/score (of) + 表示“大约 12/20 个.” ）例：(some) dozens/scores of children几十个儿童（some 表示“一些” ，对含义无影响）some dozen/score (of) children大约 12/20 个儿童（some 表示“大约” ，对含义有影响）10.“a dozen + 复数名词”和“a score of + 复数名词”也可表示“很多” 。例：I have been ther
8、e a dozen times.I have been there a score of times.11.基数词可以表示书页、住所、房间、教室、邮政编码、电话号码等的编号。 （电话号码通常以两个数字读为一组，中间有个小停顿，但以三个数字读为一组的情况也属常见，尤其是当电话号码为六位数或六位数以上时。电话号码中两个重复的数字，常用 double。 ）例：第 8 页：Page eight（P. 8）第 7 行：Line seven（L. 7）唐宁街 10 号：No. 10 Downing Street第 301 房间：Room (No.) 301第 4 教室：Classroom (No.) 4邮
9、政编码：223805电话号码：66023288（读作：double six o, two three two, double eight）12.罗列几个并列的名词时，前面的若干个名词前用“不定冠词 + 序数词”结构，最后一个名词前用“定冠词 + 序数词”结构。例：The old man has four daughters. One is a nurse, a second is a teacher, a third is a musician, and the fourth is a painter.13.2 倍：twice (AmE: two times)，double，duple，two
10、fold，as again as；3 倍：3 times，triple，treble，threefold；4 倍：quadruple ，4 times，fourfold；5 倍：5 times，fivefold；依此类推。 （double 可作 n/v/adj/adv。double/twice/three times/four times/ 等表示倍数时，要放在定冠词、形容词形物主代词或名词所有格之前。treble 可作 v/adj，通常可以和 triple 互换，但有时只能用 triple，如 the triple alliance。Ref.P46。 ）例：You have paid twi
11、ce/two times the usual price.You are twice/two times her/Jennys age.Four is the double of two.（double 作名词）He doubled/trebled his income in 6 years.（double/treble 作动词）It is double the distance.（double 作形容词）The driver demanded double the usual fare.（double 作副词）Duple quantity of iron is needed for this
12、 project.The amount of alcohol in his blood was triple the legal maximum.They have produced twofold/threefold as many washers as they did last year.This river is as wider again as that one.He earns treble my salary.（treble 作副词）Treble salaries were paid.（treble 作形容词）I asked for a treble (portion of w
13、ine).（treble 作名词）20 is the quadruple of 5.（quadruple 作名词）Sales have quadrupled in the last 5 years.（quadruple 作动词）A quadruple alliance comes into being.（quadruple 作形容词）This year we produced quadruple that of last year.（quadruple 作副词）14.倍数比较的表示法：1) X times as + adj/adv（原级）+ as . (Ref.P47)例：My room is
14、 twice as long as hers.My room is half as long as hers.（0.5 倍表示法）My room is half as long again as hers. = My room is one and a half times as long as hers.（1.5 倍表示法）Jack runs 3 times as fast as Jim.They have twice as many planes as we have. （此句中是 n，不是 adj/adv！）2) X times + adj/adv（比较级）+ than (Ref.P47
15、)例：My room is twice longer than hers. = My room is as long again as hers.My room is half longer than hers.（0.5 倍表示法）My room is one and a half times longer than hers.（1.5 倍表示法）Jack runs 3 times faster than Jim.The cotton output is 20% greater than that of 2009.（此句中是 20%，不是倍数！）3) X times + the width (
16、length, breadth, level, value, size, velocity) of 例：My room is twice the length of hers.My room is half the length of hers.（0.5 倍表示法）My room is one and a half times the length of hers.（1.5 倍表示法）The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.15.倍数增减的表示法：1) increase/exceed/speed up/step up/raise/rise/go u
17、p/grow/. + by + 百分数(X%)/倍数(X)；（A 增加了 X% A 增加为原来的 X 倍）例：Sales increased by 15%.The production of TV sets in the fourth quarter increase by 3 times.2) A be/multiply/increase/exceed/speed up/step up/raise/rise/go up/grow. + 数词(X) + times/fold；（A 是/增加为原来的 X 倍）例：Sales increased 3 times.The production of
18、notebooks computers has been increased sixfold over/as against/as compared with that of 2005.3) A multiply X times & A be multiplied by + 数字；（A 增加为原来的 X 倍）例：Sales have been multiplied by 4 times.The production has multiplied 8 times.4) A increase/exceed/speed up/step up/raise/rise/go up/grow/ decrea
19、se/drop/fall/weaken/shorten/reduce/step down/speed down/go down + by a factor of + 百分数(X%)/数词(X)；（A 增加/减少/.为原来的 X 倍）例：Sales have increased/decreased by a factor of 5.The speed exceeded (the average value) by a factor of 4.It raised by an (average) factor of 30%.5) A decrease/drop/fall/weaken/shorten
20、/reduce/step down/speed down/go down + by +百分数(X%)/数词(X)/倍数(X)；（A 减少/下降/. 了 X A 减少/下降/.为原来的 1/X）例：Sales have decreased by 5,000 RMB/3 times.The price of rice was reduced by 15%.6) A 黄色部分/绿色部分 to .；（A 增加/减少到 .）例：Sales increased/decreased to 50 million.The soldiers have increased to 1,000.7) A be + 倍数
21、(X) + upon/over B；（A 是 B 的 X 倍）例：Sales was 3 times upon/over that of last year.I am twice upon/over your age.The number of college students for 2010 is 30 times over that for 1995.8) A be + 倍数(X) + what 从句；（A 是 . 的 X 倍）例：Sales are 4 times what we had for the first quarter.The population is (more tha
22、n) 3 times what it was in 1985.9) A be + 百分数(X%) + above/higher than B；（A 比 B 高 X%）例：Sales are 40% above/higher than that of last month.The export this month was 23% above/higher than that was achieved in May.10)A be up + 倍数(X)；（A 增加为原来的 X 倍）例：Sales (this month) was up 6 times. His income this month
23、 was up 3 times.The nations grain output was up 4.5 times.11)A show/register + 百分数(X%) + increase/decrease（名词） ；（A 增加/减少了 X%）例：Sales in August registered/showed a 25% increase/decrease over March.12)A be + 百分数(X%)/数字(X) + less than B；（A 比 B 少 X%）例：Sales are 37% less than (that of) last month.The ste
24、el output this year is 10,000 tons less than in 2001.（注：by 常可省略，但 to 则不可省略）16.5 feet square 与 5 square feet 的区别：A table 5 feet square has an area of 25 square feet.17.“减少一半”的表示法：1) be half as many/much/long/fast/. as .2) twice thinner than .3) reduce/decrease/. by one half4) be one half less5) cut/b
25、reak/split/. A in half/into halves6) half the (usual) price/speed/.18.概数的表示法：1) “over/above/more than + 数字”或“数字 + odd”2) below/under/less than + 数字3) “about/nearly/some/toward(s)/more or less + 数字”或“数字 + or so” （注：“数字 + more or less”和“more or less + 数字”等价）4) 其它零散表示法。 （Ref.P(51-52)）19.“每隔”和“每逢”的表示法：1
26、) “every + 基数词 + 复数名词”=“every + 序数词 + 单数名词”例：every 5 days = every 5 th day（每 5 天 = 每隔 4 天）2) “每两天/每隔一天”的表示法：every 2 days = every 2nd day = every other day20.比例的表示法：（Ref.P(52-53)）注：1 (person) in 10 = 1 person out of 10 = 1 in every 10 person21.数学公式、小数和分数等的表示法：（Ref.P(53-54)）22.长度、面积、重量和体积的表示法：（Ref.P(5
27、4-55)）23.英美楼层的不同表示法：（Ref.P(55-56)）1) floor 表示“楼层”时，指的是“第几层” （常与 on 连用） ；而 story 表示“楼层”时，指的是“层数” （此时等同于 storey，并常与基数词连用或参与构成复合词，不与 on 连用） 。另外，storeyed 是形容词，意为“有.（层）楼的” ，常参与构成复合词。2) a 4-story house = a 4-storied house24.币制的表示法：（Ref.P(55-56)）25.年代、年月等的表示法：（Ref.P56）26.年龄的表示法：1) 大概年龄：（Ref.P56）2) “. 岁”：（R
28、ef.P56）3) “快 . 岁”：（Ref.P57）4) “已 . 岁”：（Ref.P57）5) “不满 . 岁”：（Ref.P57）6) 其它年龄的表示法：be/come of age , be under age , be of school age , be over age , be (far) advanced in years , attain the advanced age of , long-lived/live to a great age , live to 90 等27.时刻的表示法：1) 用 a.m./p.m. 后便不能再用 oclock；（例：at 7 ocloc
29、k a.m. ）2) a.m./p.m. 前用数字，不用文字表示时刻；（例：8:15 a.m. ；a quarter past eight a.m. ）3) 不说出钟点时不能用 a.m./p.m.；（例：tomorrow p.m. ；tomorrow afternoon ）4) a.m./p.m. 在标题、句子开头或时间表中用大写的 A.M./P.M.；（电报用语为 A. 和 P.）5) past（过）和 to（差）一般限制在 30 分钟内；6) 零点：zero hour(s), O hundred hours28.用阿拉伯数字表示复数名词时，阿拉伯数字后加“s”或“s” 。29.数词构成的惯
30、用语：（Ref.P(57-58)）30.数词的限定语：1) 表示“大约、左右”：about, some, around, round, or so, in the rough, in the neighbourhood of, close to, more or less, round about, or thereabout(s), somewhere about2) 表示“恰好、整整”：exactly, clear, cool, just, sharp, flat, solid, good, whole, neither more or less3) 表示“仅仅、只不过”：only, sc
31、arcely, barely, scant, no more than4) 表示“过剩、外加”：over, more, left, other, another5) 表示“接近”：near, close to, toward(s), nearly, almost6) 表示“少于、不足”：less, under, less than, below, off, short, within7) 表示“多于、以上”：over, past, odd, good, full, upwards of, no less than, more than, all of（注：or so, in the rough
32、, left, over, flat 等一般要放在“数词 + 名词”之后；另外，对于 two hours, five months, three years 等表示整体概念时，形容词须放在它们的前面。 ）31.“基数词 + 名词”和“基数词 + 名词-ed”的区别：它们均可参与构成复合形容词（中间均需加连字符）作前置定语，均不可置于名词后或作表语，但“基数词 + 名词”强调数量，而“基数词 + 名词-ed”则强调特点。（注：“数词 + 名词 + 形容词”也是常用的复合形容词，其用法与上述基本相同。需要说明的是，当不使用连字符且数词 1 时，名词使用复数形式。 ）32.half 的用法：（Ref.P(60-61)）33.a fall of snow 英语量词表示法：（Ref.P(62-63)）
