1、English Rhetoric,英语修辞学,Aesthetic Rhetoric,美学修辞,Figures of Speech,英语修辞格,Figures of Similarity,相似修辞学,I. Figures of Similarity,1.Simile 2. Metaphor 3. Analogy 4. Personification,Analogy,类推,1. Definition of Analogy,Analogy is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually concent
2、rate on one point of resemblance,1. Definition of Analogy,analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities, or points of resemblance.,2. The function of Analogy,The function of analogy differs from that of simile or metaphor. While the latter figures serve to hei
3、ghten effect with vivid imagery,2. The function of Analogy,Analogy is chiefly used for the purpose of persuasion or for the explanation or exposition of an idea.,2. The function of Analogy,Analogies are not logical, but emotional. Analogy is the realm of the rhetoric of association in persuasion. It
4、 is a comparison between two unlike things. e.g.: Corruption and cancer are like.,2. The function of Analogy,Analogy : Corruption is like cancer. Agreed phenomenon: Cancer must be cut out ruthlessly. Conclusion : Corruption must be cut out ruthlessly. Sentence: Corruption is to a society what cancer
5、 is to a body.,2. The function of Analogy Analogy,The analogy can be developed through as many parallel similarities as the writer can think of, to convince the reader that the things are alike in so many respects, so a conclusion drawn from one thing suggests a similar conclusion from the other thi
6、ng.,2. The function of Analogy,Analogy points out a large number of similarities between the two unlikes. The more points of similarity, the stronger the analogy. e.g.: Reading is to mind what food is to the body.,3. Analogy is usually constructed in the following patterns:,1) A is to B what C is to
7、 D.=What C is to D, A is to B. (1) Food is to man what fuel is to engine. (2)The air is to man what water is to fish.,3. Patterns of Analogy,2) A to B is as C to D. = A is to A as C is to D.(1)Food to man is as fuel to engine.(2) Three is to one as nine is to three.,3. Patterns of Analogy,3) (Just)
8、as A is to B, (so) C is to D.= As A does B, so C does D.= Just as A did B, so C did D e.g.: (1) Just as dark clouds cannot long hide the sun, (so) no lies can cover up facts.,3. Patterns of Analogy,(2) Just as Darwin discovered the law of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of
9、human history. 4) If A were B, C would be D. e.g. If love were what the rose is, I would be like the leaf.,3. Patterns of Analogy,5) A is to B the same way as C is to D. e.g.: Youths are to a society the same way as new cells are to a body.,4. Exercises for Analogy Put the following sentences of Ana
10、logy into Chinese,1). What sculpture is to the block of marble, education is to the soul. = Education is to the soul what sculpture is to the block of marble. 教育之于心灵犹如雕刻之于大理石。,4. Put the following sentences of Analogy into Chinese,2) The chess-board is the world; the pieces are the phenomena of the
11、universe; the rules of game are what we call the law of Nature. 棋盘犹如世界，棋子如世界上的各种现象，而下棋的规则则如自然规律。,4. Put the following sentences of Analogy into Chinese,3) Just as the Industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks from mens muscles and enormously expanded productivity, so the microcompute
12、r is rapidly assuming huge burdens of dull work from human brain and thereby expanding the minds capacities in ways that man has only begun to grasp.,4. Translation of the Analogy,翻译： 正如工业革命把人从大量繁重的体力劳动中解放出来， 而且极大地扩大了生产力，电脑速猛地把人从许多乏味的脑力劳动中解放出来，而且扩大了人们刚刚开始掌握的人脑的容量。,4. Put the following sentences of A
13、nalogy into Chinese,4) The sky is to birds what the sea is to fish. 天空对于鸟儿犹如大海对于鱼儿。 5) Pens are to writers what weapons are to soldiers. 笔对于作家犹如武器对于战兵。,5.Translate the following into English, using Analogy,1) 马克思对社会发展的贡献犹如达尔文对生物学发展的贡献一样。 Marx did for the development of society what Darwin did for th
14、e development of biology. Or: Just as ,so;,5.Translate the following, using Analogy,2) 文化多样性之于人类社会， 犹如生物多样性之于自然界一样。 The diversities of cultures are to the human society what/the same way as the varieties of creatures are to nature. Or: Just as , so .,5. Translate the following, using Analogy,3) 葡萄酒对
15、于法国人犹如啤酒对于英国人。 Wine is to French people what beer is to British people. Or: As,so .,5. Translate the following, using Analogy,4) 青年之于社会犹如新鲜细胞之于人体。 Youths are to a society what new cells are to a body.,More examples,1. As the tree will turn green in spring, so our dream will come true in the future.
16、2. As the lion is the king of beasts, so is the eagle the king of birds/ so the eagle is the king of birds.,More examples,3. As the childhood shows the man, so mornig shows the day.4. As blood vessels are to a mans body, so railway is to transportation.= That blood vessels are to a mans body is such
17、 so railway is to transportation.,More examples,5. As the medicine heals the wounds, so time heals heartbreak. 6. As empty vessels make the loudest sound, so those who have the least wit are the greatest babblers. 8. As lungs are to the animals, so leaves are to the plants.,Homework,Write or collect some sentences in which analogy is used.,6. Is Analogy used in the following?,1. As you sow, so you reap.,6. Is Analogy used in the following?,2. David Beckham, of Englands Manchester United, is a hero to Europeans in the same way as Michael Jordan is to Americans.,
