1、高中英语时态,2019/7/15,导 言,英语中有16种时态。高中主要学习9种。实际上他们是由三个时间概念和两种不同的情态构成。什么是时态,其实时态的本质是一半时,一半态。,一般态: 过去 将来 - 过去将来(即相对于过去的将来),进行态-给人以丰富的画面感;2.暂时性 完成态-英文中独有的一种“态”,过去发生的动作一直持续到说话时的含义 完成进行时态-完成与进行两种“态”的结合,2019/7/15,时态表,2019/7/15,Present Simple,Uses用法 1.表示客观事实或普遍真理 如:Practice makes perfect. The world is round. Wh
2、en Winter comes,can Spring be far behind? Oct.1st is our National Day.,2019/7/15,2.表示目前的情况及反复发生的动作,或习惯性的动作以及永久性的状态 如:She seldom gets up before 6 in the morning. I watch television every day. We have a very good relationship with our parents. 常与频率副词连用 7大频率副词: always,usually,often,sometimes,once,seldo
3、m,rarely,hardly ever,never,2019/7/15,3.少数动词如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或安排预计要发生的事情。(时间表,官方事件,安排)The plane takes off at six past five. 飞机将于六点零五分起飞。Tomorrow is Sunday. 明天是星期天。Our summer vacation begins in early July. 我们的暑假七月初开始。,2019/7/15,4.在时间和条件状语从句中可用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 Il
4、l let you know as soon as I hear from him. 我一接到他的信就告诉你。 Hell go if it is fine tomorrow. 如果明天天气好,他就去。 I shall be away when he arrives. 等他到了我就不在了。,2019/7/15,5.在某些以here, there 开头的句子中用一般现在时表示现在发生的动作。Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。There goes the bell. 铃响了。Here they come. 他们来了。 here, there放在句子开头,句子主谓要倒装。(如主语为代词
5、,主谓不倒装)。在here, there引导的句子中,常用一般现在时代替现在进行时。,2019/7/15,Present Continuous,Uses用法 1.表示正在进行的动作或者一定时间段内经常进行的动作 Who are you waiting for now? Mr.Green is writing another novel.,2019/7/15,2.有些动词,如come, go, leave, return, arrive, begin, start等,它们的现在进行时可表示已经确定或者安排好的将来活动。Mary is coming back from her visit to S
6、hanghai next week.(已经安排好了) Were flying to Paris tomorrow.(票已经买好了),2019/7/15,3.现在进行时常与always, continually, constantly 等副词连用,表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作。这种用法常表示说话人的主观色彩,如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等。例如: He is always asking questions. She is always complaining. 常用时间状语 now,at the moment,at present,2019/7/15,进行时态与一般时态的比较,1、进行态的暂时性Th
7、ey live in America.(一贯的)They are living in America.(暂时的)第二句给我们的感觉是,他们一直住在别的什么地方,但目前暂住美国。 My TV works perfectly. My TV is working perfectly.第二句给人的印象是:电视过去工作不正常,最近修了一下,效果很好。,2019/7/15,2.进行时态的感情色彩。 进行态除了表示一个进行的动作以外,更多的是带有一种“态”,也就是说有一种情态在里面。 More and more people buy TV sets. More and more people are buy
8、ing TV sets.注:第一句话只是说出一个现象,第二句话却给了我们一个生动的画面,试图让我们看到人们购买电视机的情景。 My wife always watches TV in the evening. My wife is always watching TV in the evening.(表示不满),2019/7/15,注:第二句的进行时态用以表示不满 He does fine work at school. He is doing fine work at school. 注:第二句用进行时态的感情色彩表示赞扬。,2019/7/15,从上面几个例句中可以看出:进行时态给人一种画面
9、感,使语言生动,加强语言的刺激力,以达到不同的目的。无论是现在进行时态、过去进行时态还是将来进行时态,它们所包含的进行时态的“态”是不变的,所不同的只是发生的时间。,2019/7/15,Past Simple,Uses用法 1.在过去某个特定时间发生,也可以表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响,只说明过去的事情。 如: I had a word with Julia this morning. 今天早晨,我跟朱丽亚说了几句话。,2019/7/15,2.一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用,如:yesterday, last week, in 1993, at t
10、hat time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, when 等等。 注:句子中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时,取决于动作是否对现在有影响。,2019/7/15,3.带有确定的过去时间状语时,要用过去时。如:yesterday、two days ago、last year、the other day、once upon a time、 just now、in the old days、before liberation、 When I was 8 years old、at+一个时间点 Did you have a party
11、the other day? 前几天,你们开了晚会了吗? Lei Feng was a good soldier. 雷锋是个好战士。 注意:在谈到已死去的人的情况时,多用过去时。,2019/7/15,4.表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去时。这种情况下,往往没有表示过去的时间状语,而通过上下文来表示。 The boy opened his eyes for a moment,looked at the captain,and then died. 那男孩把眼睛张开了一会儿,看看船长,然后就去世了。,2019/7/15,5.表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作。常与always,never等连用。
12、 Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella. 只是说明她过去的动作,不表明她现在是否常带着伞。 比较 Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella. 说明这是她的习惯,表明她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞 Mrs. Peter is always carrying an umbrella. 表示说话者对这一动作或行为厌烦,2019/7/15,6.如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用 used to do 过去常常做,而现在不那样做了 He used to drink. 意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了 I used to take a
13、 walk in the morning. 意味着现在不在早晨散步了,2019/7/15,7.有些句子,虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语,但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态,也要用过去时,要特别注意! I didnt know you were in Paris. 因为在说话时,我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前,所以只能用过去时表示。实际上,这句话暗指:But now I know you are here. I thought you were ill. 这句话应是在说话之前,我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病),2019/7/15,Past Continuous,Uses用法
14、1.过去进行时的基本用法主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。 如:He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。,2019/7/15,2. 过去进行时表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似,过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩,也通常与 always, forever, continually等副词连用。 如:They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。,2019/7/15,3、表示故事发生的背景。 It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front
15、. 那支医疗小组往前线行进时,天正下着雪。,2019/7/15,4.表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。用于come, go, leave, start, arrive等表示位置转移的动词时,也可以用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。 如:He told me that he was going soon. 他告诉我他很快就要走了。,2019/7/15,完成态是英文中独有的一种“态”,汉语中没有相对应的表达方式。在学习时要根据说话的情景或文章的上下文细心体会。脱离说话时的情景或文章的上下文,完成态就无从谈起,所以千万不可简单地把完成时态理解成一个完成的动作。,2019/7/15,完成时态的构成,
16、主系表 主谓宾 现在完成 have (has) been have (has) done 过去完成 had been had done 将来完成 will have been will have done,2019/7/15,Present Perfect,Uses用法 1.表示一个过去发生的动作对现在产生的结果和影响。 应该明确现在完成时态属于现在时态的范畴。它所强调的不是过去发生的动作,而是对现在产生的结果和影响。否则用一般过去时态就够了。请看下面的对话。,2019/7/15,A-We will send some one to America. B-I have been there.我
17、去过美国。 = I was there and I know the country very well. Would you send me there? C-I have not been there.我还没去过那儿呢。 = I didnt go to America. It is my turn. 上面对话的前提是大家都抢着去美国。所以B用现在完成时态是想说明自己有经验,派他去好。而C用现在完成时态是说自己没去过,轮也该轮到他了。两句都是强调对现在产生的影响。,2019/7/15,A-We will send some one to Africa. B-I have been there
18、. = I was there before. Youd better send another one there.Mother-What are you doing? Son -Im watching TV. Ive done my homework. = I finished my homework. I can watch TV now.,2019/7/15,一般过去时态和现在完成时态的比较:,I left my exercise book at home. I have left my exercise book at home. =I left my exercise book a
19、t home, so I cant give it to you. 现在完成时态 = 一个过去时态和一个现在时态。说话人所强调的是现在时态,即对现在产生的结果和影响,但这种结果和影响并没有直接说出来。这正是完成时态比较难理解的地方。,2019/7/15,注:因现在完成时态所关心的是对现在产生的结果和影响,并不在乎过去的动作是过去什么时间发生的,所以不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。因此当问及某一动作曾发生的具体时间和地点时,也不用完成时。例:When did you get there? When have you got there? Where did you get that book? W
20、here have you got that book?,2019/7/15,2.表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在。,通常用于持续性较强的动词,例如:live, study, wait for, be等等,并且常常与since, for连用,since给出的是过去的一个时间点,如since 1958, 而for往往给出的是一个时间段,如for three years。,2019/7/15,We have waited for you for long time. Have you lived here for over ten years? 注:完成时态表示延续的用法,不可跟非延续动词连用,如
21、:die, go, leave, receive等。请看下面例句: His father has died for three years. His father has been dead for three years. 第一句是错的。“死”这个动作不可能延续。但一种状态却可以延续。第二句用主系表句型是对的。,2019/7/15, I have bought this car for two months. I bought this car two months ago. I havent bought anything for two months. 第一句“buy”这个词不能延续,不
22、可以同for two months连用,所以是错的。我们只能用第二种表达方式。而第三句虽然“buy”是非延续动词,但因该句是否定句,可以同for two months连用。,2019/7/15,3.现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作。,eg:1.Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework. 2.If it has stopped snowing in the morning,we will go to the park.,2019/7/15, 过去完成时态,将来完成时态和过去将来完成时态 学习完成时态应注
23、意,所有完成时态在“态”的概念上是一样的,现在完成时态、过去完成时态、将来完成时态、过去将来完成时态所不同的只是时间上的概念。所以我们只要掌握现在完成时态,然后在时间上向过去推便是过去完成时态,向将来推便是将来完成时态。,2019/7/15,Yesterday, she said she had seen the film. “she had seen the film”发生在“said”之前,也就是过去的过去。产生的影响是他知道电影的内容,而影响的时间是“she said”这个过去时态.,2019/7/15,We will have fulfilled our work by the end
24、 of this month. 该句是指在“the end of this month”我们将完成工作。对本月底产生的影响也许是我们就有空了或我们就可以休息一下了。总之具体情况具体分析。,2019/7/15,完成时态在主从句中的用法完成时态除上面讲到的几种基本用法之外,在主从句中通常可以用来表示主句与从句动作发生的先后次序。 Do you know he has finished his homework?现在完成时态“has finished”表示发生在一般现在时态“know”之前。,2019/7/15,从上面几个例句可以看出,在主从句中现在完成时态往往表示发生在另一个现在时态的动作之前,而
25、过去完成时态则表示发生在另一个过去时态的动作之前。请注意下面的例句:This is the best film I have ever seen. 定语从句中的完成时态“have ever seen”表示发生在系动词“is”之前。 Since they were little boys they have known each other. 主句中的“have known”表示自从他们是小男孩时开始一直持续到现在。,2019/7/15,Perfect Continuous,在学习了进行时态和完成时态之后,我们就很容易理解完成进行时态。它既有完成时的态过去发生的动作一直持续到说话时的含义,又有进
26、行态-给人以生动的画面感, 使语气更强的意义。也就是说它们是完成与进行两种“态”的结合。,2019/7/15,完成进行时态的构成 现在完成进行时态 have (has) been doing 过去完成进行时态 had been doing 将来完成进行时态 will have been doing 过去将来完成进行时态 would have been doing完成进行时态只具备完成时态的一种用法,即过去发生的动作一直持续到说话时,并加入进行时给人的画面感,使语气更强。下面通过完成进行时态与完成时态的比较加以说明。,2019/7/15,现在完成进行时态 My teacher has been
27、working on that subject the last two years. My teacher has worked on that subject the last two years.第一句与第二句除了在持续性上相同外,还多了一种画面感,好像能够看到那位老师埋头工作的情景,所以语气更强。但用汉语很难译出两个句子的区别。 I have been waiting for you.I have waited for you.第一句给人的感觉比第二句更亲切,好像能够看到说话人等待的样子。,2019/7/15,1. 表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在,还可能持续到将来。 I have b
28、een living in Foshan for eight years.我在佛山生活八年了。 2. 表示动作从过去开始一直延续到刚才。动作虽已结束,但强调动作所产生的结果和影响。如: They are very tired. They have been working hard. 他们很劳累。他们一直在努力工作。(强调结果),2019/7/15,3. 表示某一动作在直到说话时为止的一段时间里重复发生。如: (1) We have been seeing each other quite often recently. 最近我们经常见面。 (2) I have been going to t
29、he hospital this month. 我这个月总是往医院跑。,2019/7/15,4. 表示一定的感情色彩,这也是现在完成进行时所包含的一个进行时态的特点。如: (1) She has been calling me several times this week. 她这个星期打了好几次电话给我。 (含有“厌烦”的意味) (2) You have been making too much trouble today. 你今天惹了太多麻烦了。 (含有“指责”的意味),2019/7/15,高考真题 1. -Weve spent too much money recently. -Well
30、, it isnt surprising. Our friend and relatives _around all thetime. (2010 安徽) A. are coming B. had comeC. were coming D.have been coming,2019/7/15,2. Im tired out. I all afternoon and I dont seem to have finished anything. (2010 湖南) A. shopped B. have shoppedC. had shopped D. have been shopping,2019
31、/7/15,3. We on this project for four hours. Lets have a rest. (2010天津) are working B. have been working C. worked D. had worked,2019/7/15,4.So far this year we _ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. (2008福建) A. saw B. see C. had seen D. have seen,2019/7/15,在许多情况下既可以用 be going to结构又可以用
32、 will动词原形,但是它们之间是有差别的,因此有些场合只能用其中之一。 其主要差别是: A .be going to结构总是表示经过预先思考的意图,常常是等于意图计划。will动词原形只表示意图,这意图通常是未经过预先思考的,虽然并不尽然。 因此,如果已经为这一行动做了准备,就必须用 be going to:Some workmen arrived today with a rollerI think they are going to repair our road如果意图明显地未经过预先思考,就必须用will: There is somebody at the hall door Ill
33、 go and open it,2019/7/15,如果没有明显迹象表明意图是否经过思考,则 be going to或will都可以使用: I will/am going to climb that mountain one day B.在有条件从句的主句中,一般不用 be going to, 而多用will, 如: If any beasts comes at you, Ill stay with you and help you. C.有迹象表明,用be going to,无则用will Look at the clouds, its going to be another storm,2019/7/15,2019/7/15,2019/7/15,2019/7/15,2019/7/15,2019/7/15,