1、1 Lesson 3 An unknown goddess 无名女神【New words and expressions】 生词和短语goddess n. 女神 绝世佳人, 非常善良的女子Venus was a goddess worshiped by the Romans.维纳斯是罗马人所崇拜的女神。a representation of a goddess 女神的塑像a shrine dedicated to the sea goddess 供奉海洋女神的神庙According to ancient legend, the river is a goddess.据古代传说，这条河是位女神。
2、被崇拜的女人，极受崇敬（或敬慕）的女人 She dreamed of becoming a Hollywood screen goddess.她梦想成为好莱坞的银幕女神 Marilyn Monroe。god n. 神 上帝, 天主Apollo was the Greek god of the arts, prophecy, medicine and light.阿波罗是希腊神话中主管艺术、预言、医药和光明之神。Some people believe in God; some dont.有人信仰上帝, 有的人不信。极受崇敬的人; 过分注意的事物 The school captain was a
3、god to the younger boys.校队队长被低年级的男孩子奉若神明。He makes a god of his work, and forgets his family.他把工作看得极为神圣, 以致忘了自己的家庭。archaeologist n. 考古学家archaeology n.考古学 archaeological adj. 考古学的,考古学上的 Aegean adj. 爱琴海的 (Mediterranean Sea 地中海) peninsula n.半岛 The Arab live on the Arabian Peninsula.阿拉伯人居住在阿拉伯半岛上。archipe
4、lago n.群岛, 列岛 多岛屿的海 the Aegean sea 爱琴海 Aegean lslands 爱琴群岛Baltic adj.波罗的海的; 波罗的海各国的 the Baltic Sea 波罗的海欧洲Balkan adj. 巴尔干半岛的Adriatic adj. 亚得里亚海的explore v. 考察，勘探The archaeologists are exploring the cave.2explore ways and means of solving the question 寻求解决问题的方式方法explore latent possibilities 挖掘潜力 explor
5、e archives 查档案 explore social and economic conditions 考察社会和经济状况explore for oil 勘探石油 an exploring team 考察队，勘探队exploration n.explorer n.探险家：勘探者；考察者：an Arctic explorer 到北极探险考察的人promontory n. 岬,隆起,海角=cape n. 1.披肩；披风；短斗篷 She was wearing a cape over her dress. 她在外套上披着一件披肩。 2.海角, 岬 I long for a trip to the
6、 Cape of Good Hope. 我渴望到好望角去旅行。 tadpole n. 蝌蚪the ends of the earth 天涯海角prosperous adj. （经济上）繁荣的，昌盛的；成功的a prosperous country, businessman, industry 繁荣昌盛 (thriving and prosperous)的国家、事业成功的实业家、兴旺发达的工业a prosperous-looking businessman 看来事业有成的商人prosperity n. 成功；富足；幸运；顺利 He wished the young couple a life o
7、f happiness and prosperity.他祝这对年轻人生活幸福、万事如意。thriving 昌盛的，兴旺的 a thriving business / enterprise 蓬勃发展的商业 / 工业He that will thrive must rise at five. 谚 五更起床 , 百事兴旺。booming 蓬勃的，景气的 a booming market 繁荣的市场 booming waves 波涛澎湃 boomtown n.新兴都市flourishing 繁茂的,健康的,欣欣向荣的 civilization, civilization n. （尤指高级的）文明; 开
8、化high level of civilization 高度文明civilize v.civilized a. 文明的,非野蛮的 A civilized leader must eschew violence.文明领导人必须避免使用暴力。vt. （文）(尤指为道德或实际理由而) 习惯性避开, 回避( 某种行为、食物等);避开（危害、恶事等）3eschew political discussion 回避政治讨论Lets discuss this like civilized people.让我们像文明人一样心平气和地讨论。China is a highly civilized country.中
9、国是一个高度文明的国家。有礼貌的,有教养的,文雅的：civilized society, behavior(u)r 文明社会，文明行为Haas was quite pleasant, very civilized.哈斯很招人喜欢，很有礼貌。Theyre brutal people behind their civilized veneer.他们表面上温文有礼，骨子里却是野蛮残忍。n. 饰面薄板,薄片镶饰 (尤用于家具上 ) 虚假的外表;虚饰 For the first time her veneer of politeness began to crack.她温文尔雅的外表第一次露出破绽。He
10、 managed to acquire a thin veneer of knowledge to mask his real ignorance.他设法装出有点知识的外表，用来掩饰自己的无知。His veneer of politeness concealed a ruthless determination.他彬彬有礼的伪装下隐藏着不择手段的狠心。a thin veneer of Western civilization 西方文明之金玉其外storey n. 楼层=（美）storydrainage n. 排水, 放水Bad drainage caused the land to be fl
11、ooded.排水不利容易使土地淹水。排水系统, 下水道The defect in the drainage must be remedied.这排水系统的缺陷该设法补救。废水, 污水, 污物This is a drainage area.这里是排水区。drain ditch 排水沟 drain pipe =exhaust water pipe 排水管worship n. 崇拜；热爱；爱慕（尤指达到看不到缺点的地步）vt. .崇拜; 尊崇 A miser worships money.守财奴崇拜金钱。vi. 做礼拜 Dont talk while you are worshipping.你们做礼
12、拜时别讲话。worshipper n. 礼拜崇拜,爱慕者respect vt.尊敬 , 尊重 / admire v.赞美, 钦佩, 羡慕Who do you worship in the world?warship n. 军舰；战船sacred adj. 宗教的，神圣的 A church is a sacred building.教堂是神圣的建筑物。sacred music 圣乐 sacred promise 神圣的诺言受崇敬的; 不可冒犯的4In Africa the snake is still sacred with many tribes.非洲许多部落仍认为蛇是不可冒犯的。holy a
13、dj. 神圣的，圣洁的 He lived a holy life.他过着圣洁的生活。 Holy Bible虔诚的 He is a holy Buddhist.他是一个虔诚的佛教徒solemn adj.严肃的He looked very solemn as he announced the news.在宣布这一消息时, 他显得非常严肃。庄重的, 郑重的The Premiers burial/funeral was a solemn occasion /ceremony.总理的葬礼是个庄严的场面。庄严的; 隆重的The new Embassador was received with solemn
14、 ceremonies.新大使受到了隆重的礼遇(honor; courtesy, courteous reception).fragment n. 碎片; 片断 a shell fragment 弹片They have found several fragments of a Roman vase in the area.在这一地区他们发现了一只罗马瓷瓶的碎片。lie in fragments 已成破片 reduce to fragments 弄碎fragmentary adj. 碎片的 ;片断的;不完整的;支离破碎的 fragmentary evidence 不完全的证据 fragmenta
15、ry experience 局部经验remains n. 遗物，遗迹，废墟（=ruins ）remains of a meal 残羹剩饭 the remains of a fortune 遗产the remains of an army 残兵败将; 残部 remains of Tang Dynasty 唐代遗物 His mortal remains are buried in the churchyard. 他的尸体埋葬在教堂的墓地里。fossil remains of prehistoric animals 史前动物的残遗化石遗体, 遗骸pay last respects to sb.s r
16、emains 向某人的遗体告别The martyrs remains are buried at the foot of the hill. 烈士的遗体葬在山脚下。ruin vt. 破坏, 毁掉 The storm ruined our wheat.暴风雨毁坏了我们的小麦。使破产, 使沦落I was ruined by that law case, Im a ruined man.我被那场官司搞垮了 , 现在已经倾家荡产。n. 毁坏, 毁灭 , 灭亡 This news meant the ruin of all our hopes.这消息使我们的一切希望都破灭了。破产（或丢掉工作等）的根源；
17、祸根 This flood will be the ruin of the harvest.这场洪水将是没有收成的祸根。破败、坍塌或毁坏的状态 5The church has fallen into ruin.那教堂已破败不堪。废墟; 遗迹 The abbey is now a ruin.那座修道院现已成废墟。Many ruins of Roman date are to be seen in the south of France.许多古罗马时期的遗迹可以在法国南部看到。classical adj. （希腊罗马）古文化的 古典的, 经典的Im interested in classical
18、architecture.我喜爱古典建筑风格。classical music 古典音乐 classical education 人文科学教育classic adj. 第一流的This is a classic example of love at the first sight.classic n. 杰作，经典之作（=masterpiece ）re-construct vt. 重建 Theyve decided to reconstruct this building.他们决定重建这栋大楼。We had no computer backup and had to rely on old pap
19、er files to reconstruct the records.我们没有计算机备份,只得靠落后的纸档案重做记录。重现, 重整 The police managed to piece together the jigsaw and reconstruct the victims last hours.警方成功地将线索拼在一起，重现了受害人生前最后几个小时的情况。Every aspect of the original has been closely studied and painstakingly reconstructed.原作的每一细节都经过了仔细研究，费尽苦心才得以重现。6It
20、 is not possible to reconstruct the complete symphony from these manuscript sketches.想要通过这些手写草稿恢复这一交响乐的全貌是不可能的。Local historians have reconstructed from contemporary descriptions how the hall may have looked in 1300.根据同时期的描述，当地历史学家再现了 1300 年时这座礼堂的可能面貌。erect vt.盖, 使竖立, 使直立（ build high buildings）- erec
21、t a monument 建造纪念碑 / erect a clock tower 建造钟楼setup /establish /found 建立- setup students union 学生会 （union n.联盟 , 协会）- establish a school / establish a rule 设立一条规则- found a country 建立一个国家construction n.constructive adj. 有教育意义的 constructive suggestions 建设性的建议， 积极的建议constructive comments 积极的评论constructo
22、r n. 建设者rest v. 倚放，放置；搁在；（视线等）停留在：His hand rested on the table. 他的手放在桌子上。His eyes rested on me. 他的目光落在我身上。Clouds resting upon the mountain top 笼罩在山顶的云补充：vi.取决于；归于: It rests with(=It is up to) you to decide. (或 The decision rests with you.) 要由你来作决定。vt.（后接表语）依然是；保持：The affairs rest a riddle. 这件事仍是个谜。n
23、ot rest content (或 satisfied) with a smattering of knowledge 不满足于一知半解 You can rest assured that they will come. 你放心好了，他们回来的。hip n. 屁股，臀部（=bottom n.（口）屁股/ butt 美俚）a hip pocket （裤子的）臀部口袋vital statistics 三围；人口统计/ body measurement 三围(bust / waist / hips 或 hip, hip circumference)口 在服用兴奋剂，宗教信仰方面赶时髦的人；消息灵通
24、人士；adj. （美俚）通晓的，见闻广的Eg: Hary is a real hip. 玛丽真是赶时髦 The guy isnt a hip.这家伙什么都不懂be hip to current happenings 非常熟悉目前放生的事件joined at the hip 表示交情极厚的Eg: These two are joined at the hip.7shoot from the hip 信口开河；鲁莽地行事（或讲话）Eg: Sorry, I said that I shouldnt have shot from the hip.full-length adj. （裙衣）拖地长的；未缩
25、短的；未删节的；全长的；全身的：a full-length portrait 全身像 a full-length novel 足本小说a full-length dress/skirt 全长裙（长及踝的）大型的: a full-length colored documentary 大型彩色纪录片full-grown adj.生长完全的, 发育完全的 full-time a.专职的, 全部时间的graceful adj. 优雅的，优美的, 文雅的 a graceful ladya graceful dancer 绰约多姿的跳舞者 a graceful leap 优美的跳跃 the gracefu
26、l curves of the new bridge 新桥的美丽曲线The tall graceful form of a woman appeared at the top of the stairs.一个体形修长优美的女人出现在楼梯顶上。elegant (behavier)得体的, 礼貌而周到的His refusal was worded in such a graceful way that we could not be offended.他婉言谢绝, 无损于我们的颜面。identity n. 身份 ( ID card= Identification / Identity Card 身
27、份证)He had to conceal his identity to escape the police.为了躲避警方, 他只好隐瞒身份。establish (或 prove) sb.s identity 证明某人的身份 an identity certificate 身份证明书 because of mistaken identity 由于被错认了人个性, 特性The planners decided to preserve their distinct identities.设计者们决定保留他们各自的特色。同一性, 一致性Please note the identities in th
28、e two cases.请注意这两个案子的相同之处。identity of thinking and being 思维与存在的一致性identical adj. 同一的 She wore the identical dress on both occasions.她在两种场合穿的是同一件衣服。【课文讲解】some time 1经过若干时间 2在未来的某时sometime adv.在某一时候, 曾经, 有一天sometimes adv.不时, 有时8中文习惯用主动语态。英文习惯用被动语态。以事件、结果、影响、效果为主语，强调对客观事实的陈述。an interesting discovery：强调
29、 discovery， 体现发现这个动作被考古学家做出主动语态难以突出重点 archaeologists made an interesting discoveryAn American team explored a temple whichwhich 引导定语从句，修饰限定 temple。（which = that）stand(不及物 ) = lie(不及物) 位于= situate(及物) 使位于, 使处于= locate(及物) 使.坐落于, which stands in. = which lies in = which is located in = which is situat
30、ed in.Stand 1 身高 2表示高高坐落于 , 矗立于- She stands 1.75m. 她身高 1.75 米 - A great tree stands on the mount. 一棵大树竖立在山上。The city at one time must have been prosperous，for itfor 引导原因状语从句，对主句的附加说明 Eg: The day broke for the birds were singing.because 引导原因状语从句，重点突出原因I did it because he told me to. Just because I do
31、nt complain, people think Im satisfied. 1. because 是连词，其后接句子； because of 是复合介词，其后接名词、代词、动名词、 what 从句等。如： I didnt buy it because it was too expensive. 我没有买是因为它太贵了。He is here because of you (that). 他为你 (那事 )而来这里。He lost his job because of his age. 由于年龄关系他失去了工作。We said nothing about it, because of his
32、wifes being there. 因为他妻子在那儿，我们对此只字未提。He knew she was crying because of what he had said. 他知道她哭是因为他说的话。注： because of 之后可接 what 从句，但不能接 that 从句或没有引导词的句子。如：他因病未来。误： He didnt come because of he was ill.误： He didnt come because of that he was ill.正： He didnt come because he was ill.正： He didnt come becau
33、se of his illness.比较以下同义句：他离开了这家公司，是因为老板在会上讲的话。9正： He left the company because of what the boss said at the meeting.正： He left the company because of the thing that the boss said at the meeting.我不能因为有个家就停止斗争。正： I cant stop fighting because I have a family.正： I cant stop fighting because of having a
34、family.2. because 所引导的从句除用作原因状语外，还可用作表语。如：It is because he loves you. 那是因为他爱你。而复合介词 because of 所引导的介词短语通常用作状语而不用作表语。如：他因雨缺席。误： His absence was because of the rain.正： His absence was due to the rain.正： He was absent because of the rain.但是有时若主语是代词 (不是名词 )，也可以用 because of 引出的短语作表语。如：It is just because
35、of money. 那只是因为钱的原因。because 和 because of 的区别和用法That was because of his sickness. 那是因为他生病的原因。thanks to: 由于,多亏;幸亏 prep. 由于,归功于 例句与用法 : 1. Thanks to your timely intervention. 多亏你及时调停。 2. Thanks to his effort, it is more successful than we have expected. 由于他的努力，获得了比我们预期的更大的成功。 3. Thanks to the bad weath
36、er, the match had been cancelled. 多亏这个倒霉天气，挺好的比赛取消了。 4. I am feeling better now, no thanks to you. 我现在觉得好多了，这并非由于你的原因。 5. Its no thanks to you (that) we arrived on time your short cuts werent short cuts at all! 我们及时赶到可并没叨你的光 -你说的近路一点儿也不近 ! 6. She gave the customary speech of thanks to the chairman.
37、她照例向主席致感谢辞 . 7. Thanks to agile footwork he always managed to escape his pursuers. 他善於随机应变 , 总能摆脱追踪他的人 . 108. The speaker closed (the meeting) with a word of thanks to the chairman. 演讲者向主席道了谢 , （会议）就结束了 . due to: 因为,由于 预定,预期 例句与用法 : 1. Due to circumstances beyond our control the lecture was cancelle
38、d. 由于无法控制的情况讲座取消了。 2. The two countries were on the point of war due to the diplomatic disputes. 这两个国家因为外交争端即将开战。 on the point of 即将 I was on the point of going to bed when you rang.你打电话的时候我正要睡觉。3. Due to low investment, our industrial output has remained stagnant. 由于投资少，我们的工业生产一直停滞不前。 4. Great chan
39、ges are in prospect in this area due to foreign investment. 因为外资的引进, 该地区会发生很大变化。 5. The failure of the scheme was due to bad management. 计划的失败是由于管理不善。 6. Our new washing-machine keeps breaking down its entirely due to shoddy workmanship. 我们的新洗衣机老出毛病完全是因为做的质量太差。 7. His successes were largely due to l
40、uck. 他的成功主要靠运气。 8. The television station apologized for the interference, which was due to bad weather conditions. 电视台为出现的干扰表示歉意，那是由于恶劣的天气状况造成的。 owing to: ui tu: 由于 prep. 由于,因为 例句与用法 : 1. Owing to the rain, the match was cancelled. 由于下雨，取消了比赛。 2. Our trading connection has broken off owing to a dis
41、agreement over prices. 因为价格问题无法达成共识，我们的贸易关系中止了。 3. The flight was delayed owing to technical reasons. 这次飞行由于技术的原因而被推迟。 114. Owing to my lack of experience, I didnt do the work well. 由于缺乏经验，我没有把工作做好。 5. The mine was closed owing to exhaustion. 这个煤矿因矿源枯竭而被关闭。 6. Some roads are closed owing to drifting
42、. 有些道路因积雪而封闭 . 7. Owing to their intransigent attitude we were unable to reach an agreement. 由於他们态度僵硬 , 我们无法达成协议 . 不妥协的, 不让步的 He can be intransigent and pig-headed at times. 他有时候会很固执, 寸步不让。8. Owing to a strange mental aberration he forgot his own name. 由於一种莫名的精神错乱, 他把自己的名字忘了. because of: 因为,由于 例句与用法
43、 : 1. Navigation is difficult on this river because of the hidden rocks. 因为河上有暗礁，所以在这条河上航行很困难。 2. Her company is suing her for slander because of her remarks about their safety record. 由于她发表了关于公司安全记录的言论，该公司正以诽谤罪起诉她。 3. Many beautiful fish are fast disappearing because of the severe pollution. 因为污染严重
44、，许多美丽的鱼类正在面临绝种。 4. The police are advising motorists to reduce speed because of the fog. 由于有雾，警察告诫驾车者减慢速度。 5. Theyve surcharged us 10% on the price of the holiday because of a rise in air fares. 因飞机票涨价 , 他们在度假费用中向我们增收了 10%附加费 . 6. Because of his irresolute character, we were defeated at last. 因为他性格的
45、软弱，我们最终被打败了。 7. We win the game because of his participation. 由于他的参与，我们赢了比赛。 8. I did not go to the cinema because of the intense cold/heat. 我因为严寒 /酷热没出去看电影。at one time:表达曾经，一度；（过去时态的标志= once）must have been 对过去事实肯定的推测 must be 对现在事实肯定的推测12cant have +P.P 对过去事实否定的推测 cant be 对现在事实否定的推测enjoyed a high lev
46、el of civilization. 享有高度文明three storeys high 三层楼高 three-story-high 做前置性形容词built of stone 引申made up of ，made out of ，made from ， made in 分别啥意思be made up of “由构成或组成的”。指人、物皆可，指结构成分。Our class is made up of six groups. 我们班由六个小组组成。be made out of “由制出的”。与 be made of, be made from 意思类似。如：At present, many th
47、ings are made out of plastics. 现在许多东西都是用塑料制成的。be made of “用制成的”。指从成品上能看出原料，制成物没改变原料的本质。(物理)The table is made of wood. 桌子是用木头制的。be made from “用制造的 ”。指从制成物看不出原料，制成物已改变了原料的本质。（化学）The wine is made from grapes. 酒是用葡萄酿造的。 be made into “制成为”。如：The material will be made into a dress.这块料子是要做成连衣裙。large=spacio
48、us a. (房间或建筑物) 宽敞的 They have moved to a more spacious residence on a hill top.他们已搬到山顶上一个比较宽敞的住宅去了。Our yard is spacious enough for a swimming pool.我们的院子很宽敞, 足够建一座游泳池。with具有Eg: a young man with broad shoulders / an old lady with black hairbeautifully decorated 过去分词做定语a beautifully dressed lady 衣着漂亮的女士
49、 / a deserted carpark 废弃的停车场（parking lot）a white painted door 被粉刷成白色的门现在分词做定语，被修饰词与修饰词之间为；逻辑主动关系a boy climbing the tree / the students reading in the room现在分词 / 过去分词作定语共同点：单个分词做定语放在所修饰名词前 (a swimming pool)；分词短语（就是不仅仅由一个分词构成的用来修饰名词的短语 the book written by Luxun）做后置定语，即放名词后。用过去分词还是现在分词做定语的判断关键：名词与该动作的关系1. 现在分词 (Ving)做定语：从功能上看，现在分词做定语表示 1）主动（及物）； 2）进行（不及物）。做定语：相当于一个定语从句 (主动 ) Do you know the boy standing at the door? Do you know the boy who is standing at the door? A developing
