1、1,中国农村现代化与城市化 Rural Modernization and Urbanization in China 牛凤瑞 Niu Fengrui05年3月18日 March 18, 2005,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,2,中国农村现代化与城市化 Rural Modernization and Urbnization in China,到本世纪中叶基本实现现代化是13亿中国人民的奋斗目标。中国现代化的重点和难点在农村，难在农民增收，但根本出路在农村之外，在于城市的率先发展和对于农村的带动。Generally realizing mod
2、ernization by 2050 is the working target the 1.3 billion Chinese people. The pivots and difficulties mainly lie in rural areas, lies in increasing farmers income; but the fundamental solution is outside rural area, depending on the lead development of cities and their boosting effects.,Workshop on C
3、hinas Rural Electrification,3,中国农村现代化与城市化 Rural Modernization and Urbanization in China,中国现代化的重点和难点在农村The pivots and difficulties in Chinas modernization lie in the rural areas 中国农村现代化的前提是减少农民The prerequisite for China rural modernization in reducing the number of farmers减少中国农民的根本途径是城市化The fundament
4、al route for farmer reduction is urbanization 中国农村的不发展是因为城市的不发展Stagnancy in the development of rural China is due to insufficient city development加快城市化才能带动农村现代化Accelerating urbanization can promote rural modernization中国农村现代化要与城市化统筹谋划和对于农村的带动。Chinas rural modernization shall be harminzed with urbaniz
5、ation and the boosting effects to rural development,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,4,中国现代化的重点和难点在农村 The Pivots and Difficulties of Chinas Modernization Lie in Rural Areas,中国农村人口达8亿，大约是城镇人口的1.6倍 ，而人均家庭纯收入只及城镇居民人均可支配收入的1/3。China has 800 million rural residents, around 1.6 times the number of
6、 Chinese urban population; the per capita net income of farmers is only 1/3 of the per capita disposable income of urban residents 长期的城乡分割的二元结构造成的过大的城乡差距，经过改革开放初期的所有缩小后，又一直呈扩大的趋势。The duel structure of long-term urban and rural segmentation creates excessive urban and rural gap, which was narrowed to
7、 some extent shortly after the reform and opening up, but then sees a tendency of further widening,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,5,中国现代化的重点和难点在农村 The Pivots and Difficulties of Chinas Modernization Lie in Rural Areas,若计入城镇居民的各种福补和补贴，城乡人均消费水平大约为6.0:1 If the various welfare and subsidies en
8、joyed by urban residents are considered, the ratio between urban and rural per capita consumption level is 6.0:1.,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,1985年 全国城乡居民人均消费性支出之比为2.3:1，In 1985, the ratio between per capita consumption expenditure of urban and rural residents is 2.3:12000年 增加到3.0:1，By
9、2000, the ration had grown to 3.0:12003年 又扩大到3.3:1。By 2003, the gap was further widened to 3.3:1.,6,中国现代化的重点和难点在农村 The Pivots and Difficulties of Chinas Modernization Lie in Rural Areas,农村基础设施建设普遍滞后，居民面临着出行难、通讯难、就医难、上学难、用水用电难和买难卖难等诸多难题，自来水普及率只有50左右。The rural infrastructure construction lags behind a
10、nd the rural residents face limited access to transportation, communication, medical facility and service, school education, water supply, electricity supply facilities and transaction difficulties, tap water is available only to around 50% of rural households.,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrificati
11、on,中国农村的现代化要面对更多的阻碍和难题，中国现代化建设的重点在农村，难点也在农村。 Chinas rural modernization will encounter even more barriers and difficulties, the pivots and difficulties of Chinas modernization concentrate in rural areas.,7,中国农村现代化的前提是减少农民 The Precondition for Chinas Rural Modernization is Reducing Farmers,如何富裕农民仁者见仁
12、。主要思路大致有三 Different people have different ideas about how to increase the income of farmers, there are 3 major ideas,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,农村现代化核心任务是富裕农民，主要标志和最大难点也是农民富裕。要富裕农民，必须减少农民。 The core task for rural modernization is creating a rich life for farmers, and the major indicato
13、r and top difficulty is how to make farmers richer. To make farmers richer, the number of farmers has to be decreased.,8,中国农村现代化的前提是减少农民 The Precondition for Chinas Rural Modernization is Reducing Farmers,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,调整农业结构Agricultural restructuring 目前农业收入占中国农民纯收入的50%，农业
14、从业劳动力达3.3亿人，占乡村劳动力的2/3。Currently, farming contributes to 50% of farmers net income, and 330 million labors are engaged in farming, accounting for 2/3 of rural labors. 发展农村非农产业 Boosting industry development in rural areas以乡镇企业为代表的农村非农产业对于农民增收和农村 发展发挥过重要作用。Industry in rural areas, represented by towns
15、hip enterprises, plays a key role in increasing farmers income and stimulating rural area development,9,中国农村现代化的前提是减少农民 The Precondition for Chinas Rural Modernization is Reducing Farmers,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,减轻农民负担Lightening farmers burden 应该承认，减免与三农相关的各种税费和三提五统，对于增加农民收入具有重要现实作用
16、。 It should be acknowledged that lightening and abolishing various taxes and charges on agricultural activities and farmers is of great practical significance.,10,减少中国农民的根本途径是城市化 The Fundamental Route for Reducing Chinese Farmers is Urbanization,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,农业生产对土地等自然资源的
17、依赖性较强，Agricultural activitys strong reliance on land and other natural resources 在农业自然资源既定的条件下，农民越多，人均可支配的农业自然资源量越少 Under the conditions of fixed natural resources, the more farmers are, the less per capita disposable agricultural natural resource will be. 农民人均可支配的农业自然资源量越少，The less per capita dispo
18、sable agricultural natural resource is, 农业越难以实现规模经营，农业劳动生产率越难以提高，农民的收入也就越难以提高 the more difficult it is to realize scale operation, to improve agricultural production efficiency, and to increase farmers income,11,减少中国农民的根本途径是城市化减少中国农民的根本途径是城市化 The Fundamental Route for Reducing Chinese Farmers is Urb
19、anization,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,一些人认为，大量青壮农民进城,会形成（妇女、老人）搞农业的局面，从而危及农业的稳定发展。这种担心依据不足。原因有三点。Some people think that many young and middle-aged farmers come to work in cities will make women and old people the main working force engaged in agricultural activity and jeopardize the ste
20、ady development of agriculture sector. Such concerns is not well founded because of 3 reasons:,12,减少中国农民的根本途径是城市化 The Fundamental Route for Reducing Chinese Farmers is Urbanization,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,进城的只是剩余部分，only the redundant labors come to work in cities 不会对农业劳动力的总量供给造成影响 t
21、his will not influence the total supply of agricultural labors 由于科学技术的进步、机械化作业的普及science and technology progress and the wide application of agricultural machines and equipment农业生产所需要的活劳动投入大量减少，农业生产的劳动强度大为减轻 the labor input needed by agricultural production will massively reduce and the labor intens
22、ity of agricultural production will see enormous reduction,13,减少中国农民的根本途径是城市化 The Fundamental Route for Reducing Chinese Farmers is Urbanization,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,对于一个经营6-8亩耕地的农民家庭来说，for a farmer family with 0.4-0.54 hectares of arable land, 老少妇孺在家种田、养殖，青壮年外出务工经商,又增加一笔非农业收入old
23、 people and women stay home and perform farming and husbandry, young and middle-aged people leave home to engage in industrial or commercial activities can earn some extra income,14,中国农村的不发展是因为城市的不发展 Stagnancy in the development of rural China is due to insufficient city development,Workshop on Chin
24、as Rural Electrification,科学技术的进步，社会主义市场经济体制的建立和逐步完善，经济全球化的大趋势，science and technology progress, the establishment and gradual optimization of socialist market economy regime, and the overall tendency of economic globalization都强烈地冲击了中国农村传统的生产生活方式，极大 地改变了农村发展轨迹。农村的发展越来越有赖于城市的发展，越来越与城市的发展融为一体。 Strongly
25、impact the traditional lifestyle and production patterns of rural China and significantly change the development track of rural China. Rural areas development increasingly relies on city development and more and more integrates with city development.,15,加快城市化才能带动农村现代化 Accelerating urbanization can p
26、romote rural modernization,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,未来几十年 是中国城市化进程加速时期。The next few decades is a period of accelerating urbanization in China 在城市化加速时期，农村劳动力、土地、 资金等要素大量向城市流动 是必然现象。In the period of accelerating urbanization, the massive flow of such elements as rural labors, land, and
27、 fund to cities is inevitable 从城市发展看，在城市面临巨大就业压力 的情况下，大量农民进城仍然是利大于弊in terms of city development, even when cities face enormous unemployment pressure, the inflow ofenormous farmers still bring about more benefits thandisadvantages,16,加快城市化才能带动农村现代化Accelerating urbanization can promote rural moderniz
28、ation,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,其一，目前进城农民约占中国城镇就业劳动力的40 ，城市的运行与发展已经离不开他们。 First, migrant farmers now make up around 40% of the working force in Chinese cities and their existence is indispensable to the functioning and development of cities 其二，进城农民承担的主要是苦脏累险等报酬较低的岗位，与市民就业正面冲突的概率不大。 Se
29、cond, migrant farmers mainly take tough, dirty, tiring, and dangerous posts with low payment and they are unlikely to directly compete with urban residents for job opportunities,17,加快城市化才能带动农村现代化Accelerating urbanization can promote rural modernization,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,其三，人民政
30、府不仅是市民政府，而且是农民的政府。农村劳动力的剩余与城市职工下岗待业同是失业，为农民创造就业机会同样是政府的责任， Third, peoples government should represent not only interests of urban residents, but also the interests of farmers. Rural labor redundancy and jobless urban residents are both unemployment, it is also the governments responsibility to creat
31、e jobs for farmers. 第四，随着第一、第二产业劳动生产率的提高，第三产业逐渐成为吸纳就业的主要部门 Fourth, with labor and production efficiency imporvement in the primary and the secondary sectors, the tertiary sector will gradually become the major source of new jobs. 第五，进城的农民需要解决吃、穿、住、行、教育、娱乐等问题，本身也在创造着大量需求。 Fifth, the migrant farmers h
32、ave to solve their eating, clothing, sheltering, mobility, education, and entertainment problems, which can also create enormous demand,18,中国农村现代化要与城市现代化统筹谋划Chinas rural modernization shall be harminzed with urbanization and the boosting effects to rural development,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrif
33、ication,统筹城乡发展是农村向城市看齐，而不是城市向农村看齐。农村现代化建设，必须有理性思维和平衡各方面利益关系的智慧，必须进行富有远见的政策体系设计Harmonizing urban and rural development is to take cities as the model for rural development, not the contrary. Rural modernization construction must be guided by rational thinking and integrating the wisdom of different s
34、takeholders, and conduct foresighted policy system designing.,19,中国农村现代化要与城市现代化统筹谋划Chinas rural modernization shall be harminzed with urbanization and the boosting effects to rural development,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,加大对农村教育的支持力度 Intensify support to rural education 加强农业科技进步和农产品市场信息
35、网络建设。 Boost agricultural science and technology progress and strengthen market information network construction for agricultural products 支持农村医疗事业，特别是公共卫生的发展。 Support rural medical service improvement, especially the development of public health system. 支持建立农村社会保障制度。 Support the establishment of rur
36、al social security system. 支持农村公共基础设施建设。 Support public utility construction in rural areas 支持开展农村小额信贷业务。 Support the conduction of small credit businesses in rural areas,20,中国农村现代化要与城市现代化统筹谋划Chinas rural modernization shall be harminzed with urbanization and the boosting effects to rural developmen
37、t,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,无论是国家对农村现代化建设的支持，还是农村现代化建设，还是城市现代化建设，都应在更高层次上进行城乡统筹谋划、整体协调State support to rural modernization, rural modernization construction, and urban modernization construction, should be based on urban and rural harmonization at a higher level and overall coordination,21,中国农村现代化与城市化 Chinas Rural Modernization and Urbanization,Workshop on Chinas Rural Electrification,谢谢！ Thank You!者单位：中国社会科学院城市发展与环境研究中心2005年3月City Development and Environment Research Center, CASS, March 2005,
