1、Business English Reading,Courseware Book One,Chapter 16,Abstracts from Articles on Transcultural Communication跨 文 化 交 际 文 摘,Made by Yang Yan,单元教学目的,通过阅读提升改写支持句 。,本章阅读技巧提示,支持句/支撑句或拓展句(supporting sentence/developing sentence)是相对主题句(topic sentence)而言。在英语阅读中读者要清楚支持句和主题句的关系。主题句是用比较简洁的语言，使读者很容易就领会该段的主旨，它起
2、着开宗明义、提纲挈领的作用。,而支持句就是用来发展和支持主题句的。它围绕主题句展开的句子，用来阐述、证实主题句。 所有的支持句都必须服从于主题， 服务于制约思想。主题句是 段落的主旨，支持句是段落的主体。,就文章的结构来说，段落是英语文章中相对独立的部分，表达一个相对完整的想法(idea)。它的铺排基本如下： 主题句(topic sentence)+支持句 (supporting sentence)+结尾句(concluding sentence)。,尤其是说明文和议论文。这样可以做到开门见山，明确清楚的表达中心思想。段首陈列完主题句后，此段落的重点主要靠支持句来完成，本段中心思想也是通过具体
3、的细节支撑来完成。支持的句子可以有数个或数十个。,支持句分主要支持句和次级支持句。主要支持句是指在主题句之后，用以解释的主题句，阐述并支撑观点的主要句子。在阅读理解时，抓住主题句和主要支持句是理解文章意思和答题的关键。支持句的方式很多，可以分述、诠释、举例子、作比较，说明原因、结果，也可以引用资料作证等等。,支持句有三大特征： 1. 相关性：所有的支持句的内容必须围绕主题句，支持主题句。使主题句更加具体，易懂。使读者顺利进入文章中。偏离主题句的支撑句应该删去，否则就破坏段落的统一性。 2. 层次性：扩展段落时要按照一定的思维模式和布局来安排支持句。用具有层次的若干个意义单位。每组 句群就是一个
4、层次。3. 多样性：句子开头多样化、 结构多样化和长度多样化。,Step One,First, read Material One under teachers instructions. Then teacher gives hints or tips for reading. Finally, teacher checks the answers and gives explanations.,Indonesian Information Minister Tifatul Sembiring experienced an awkward moment when shaking the ha
5、nd of visiting U.S. first lady Michelle Obama in November 2010. What was so embarrassing about the handshake to inspire one U.S. journalist to jokingly label it “the cutest political sex scandal ever?”,Sembiring is a proud conservative Muslim who attempts to emulate the Prophet Muhammad by avoiding
6、physical contact with women who are not family members, even when it has previously meant risking offense by refusing to shake the hand of a female journalist.,Unfortunately, the Internet erupted with negative chatter after video of the encounter showed the minister smiley graciously during the enco
7、unter. He defended himself on Twitter by tweeting, “I tried to prevent (being touched) with my hands but Mrs. Michelle held her hands too far toward me (so) we touched.“,In the United States, we have a concept of what we consider to be appropriate contact and the proper distance to maintain from oth
8、ers in a professional setting. Personal space may vary slightly depending on familiarity and gender, but we generally subscribe to a certain set of norms that are considered acceptableto most.,However, in other cultures, personal-space thresholds may be completely different, and awareness of those d
9、ifferences can help international businesspeople and politicians avoid making their clients or associates feel uncomfortable.,Sembiring later reiterated his original conservative Muslim stance to avoid touching the opposite sex but explained, “There are times when I have been caught off-guard or I h
10、ave had to meet people who were not aware of my stance.”,Based on his quick acceptance of Mrs. Obamas hand, he apparently weighed the risk of making her feel uncomfortable and decided beforehand to accept her gesture in the spirit in which it was intended. Though his religious standards mean he must
11、 draw the line somewhere, he was kind to put someone elses comfort above his own. At least he was not caught off guard with a female European diplomat offering a customary kiss that would have been decidedly more uncomfortable.,What could the first lady have done differently? She could adopt a cauti
12、ous standard of keeping her hands at her side until someone else offers to shake, but doing so might not only make her appear cold to her own country, but also could offend those from international contacts who greet more warmly than Americans. If we all kept our hands at our sides waiting for other
13、s to make the first move, nothing would ever happen.,“Personal space seems trivial when you hear about it, but on the ground in practice we have a really visceral reaction to some things that can trump our intellectual understanding,” says Laurie Gerber, co-principal at the translation automation co
14、nsultancy Translation Optimization Partners.,“When I was in China in 1981, I was introduced to some Chinese women my age who wanted to make me feel welcome. As we walked around town, the women kept trying to hold hands with me, as they would with their own close friends or a female relative. I had t
15、o suppress a gut desire to push them away!”,We may need to consciously leave our comfort zones at times to help others to feel at ease. Sometimes, after long exposure to other cultures, we may even find that our instinctive sense of personal space adapts to our surroundings.,“A Moroccan male friend
16、recently told me a similar story,” continues Gerber. “When he first came to the U.S. he stayed with a lifelong friend who had been in the states for about three years. When they went out on the streets, he tried to hold hands with his friend as they would have in Morocco. He was surprised when the f
17、riend reacted with angry panic!”,A few eyebrows were raised in the United States when President George W. Bush held hands and even shared a kiss with a Saudi Prince. However, Bushs flexibility and willingness to forfeit a bit of personal space showed respect and solidarity without any sexual connota
18、tions.,Unfortunately, in another case Bush was the one pushing the personal space boundaries when squeezing the shoulder of German Chancellor Angela Merkel caused many to feel uncomfortable. Even world leaders who have entire teams dedicated to protocol do not get it right every time.,So many physic
19、al gestures and greetings become instinctive and impromptu to us that we may inadvertently err now and then. However, a conscious determination to be flexible and considerate of others cultural expectations will greatly improve the odds that you will put others at ease in the international business
20、world.,Step Two,Students read Material Two themselves firstly. Then teacher checks the answers without giving explanations.,1. emulate v. 积极地模仿，仿效； 同竞争，同争斗 2. subscribe v. 同意，赞成，赞许 3. norm n. 标准；模范 4. thresholds n. （生理或心理）临界（刺激时没有任何反应的下限） 5. stance n. 立场；态度,vocabulary,6. visceral a. （未经过认真思考而）发自肺腑的，
21、发自内心的 7. trump v. 胜过；打败 8. gut n. （作定语）天生直觉的， 本能的 9. forfeit v. （因犯错）丧失 10. protocol n. （尤指在国事、 活动等场合要遵守的）礼仪； 外交礼节,11. impromptu a. 事先无准备的 12. err v. 出错；有罪 13. odds n. (事物发生的) 可能性， 机会 14. connotation n. (词语等的)内涵 意义； 隐含意义 15.assertion n. 宣布，明确声明； 断言,16. irk v. 使厌倦；使恼怒 17. vend v. （法律）销售；卖 18. morbid
22、a. 忧郁的； （心，思祥等）恐怖的 19. crucifixion n. 钉死于十字架之刑罚；耶稣被钉死于十字架 20. rapport n. （尤指有益的，融洽的）关系，交流,21. parlor n. （尤美）提供具体商品或服务的专营店 22. trademark n. 商标；标记 23. precautionary a. 预防的， 预备的,1. Tifatul Sembiring 印尼通信信息技术部部长(Indonesian Information Minister) 2. sex scandal 桃色新闻 3. Prophet Muhammad 伊斯兰教的先知穆罕默德 4. Moro
23、ccan 摩洛哥人 5. Saudi 沙特阿拉伯人,单元注释,6. German Chancellor Angela Merkel 德国总理安吉拉默克尔 7. the Orange Order 橙带党，是爱尔兰新教徒组成的政治集团，旨在维护新教及其王位继承权。,【材料1】 . 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B . 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. C,练习答案,【材料2】 1. C 2. A 3. F 4. B 5. G,【材料3】 1. D 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. C,【材料4】 1. A 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. B,【单元弹性练习一】 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. A,【单元弹性练习二】 1. BEING 2. A 3. TO 4. WITH 5. OF 6. THE 7. CORRECT 8. AN 9. IN 10. CORRECT 11. FROM 12. MUCH,Class is over.,Thank you!,
