1、初高中英语衔接1英语句子成分分析句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。 英语句子(sentence)=主语+ 谓语（核心：主动词）1主语：句子的主体，是谓语陈述，说明的对象。If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep o
2、n scratching.成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始，并要坚持不断磨练。充当主语的形式：1）名词 2）代词 3）名词短语 4）主语从句 5）数词 6）不定式7）-ing 形式。 形式主语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格 )、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). / Help
3、ing animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用 it 代替, 而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)(3)口语中常见主语或“主系”
4、省略：(It is) nothing. (那)没有什么。)/ (It) doesnt matter. (那)没有关系。) / (I) thank you. (我) 谢谢你。)(4)反意问句的附加问句, 主语必须是代词：The man looks worried, doesnt he? ( 这个人看上去很着急不是吗？) / Tigers are dangerous animals, arent they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗？)(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) ( 省略
5、了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)(6)主语一般在句首, 但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及 there be 句型主语在动词之后。如：Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。 ) / 初高中英语衔接2Where are they? (他们在哪儿？) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？)(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim
6、 nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim 和 Rose 都没有通过考试。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)2谓语（动词）：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。I have a dream.You dont always want what you need, or need what you want.所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需。谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）(1)由“不及物动词”、“ 及物动词 +宾语” 或“系动词+表语”等构成, 说明主语所表
7、示的人物“干什么”或“ 怎么样”。如：He travelled in space for the first time. (他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year? (今年谁教你们的英语？ ) / The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) / (2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息, 记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如：I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。) / He cant hav
8、e finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达 800 页的小说。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。) (3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”。记住使用下列正确形式：情态动词+原形动词。如：You d better go over the lesson.（你最好复习这一课。）shall/ will/ would+原形动词。如：They should have been
9、there once.（他们应该去过那儿。）be+现在分词或者过去分词。如：What are you doing this evening?（今晚你打算做什么？）/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（自从 20 世纪 70 年代大批树木被砍伐。）初高中英语衔接3have+过去分词。如： Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（意思同上）一般时问句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形动词。如：He does not enjoy himself very much.（他日子过的不好。）/ Did
10、any of you see dinosaur eggs?（你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗？）行为动词 + 不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式。如：He made up his mind to be a vet.（他拿定主意要做个兽医。）/ They wake up the other family members, calling, “Merry Christmas!”（他们叫醒家庭的其他成员 ,呼喊着：圣诞快乐！）/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.（古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓
11、。） (4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语, 必须在此之前加连系动词。(5)谓语动词单复数形式：单数形式的动词有：is, was, has, does 以及“动词+s/es”；复数形式的动词有：are, were, have 以及动词原形。(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词, 应该使用 “是” 动词、情态动词、助动词(be, will, have, do 以及变形) 。如：The Olympic Games is held every other year, isnt it? -Yes, it is. (奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗？- 是的。)3宾语：行为或活动
12、的对象，接受者或受影响者。You dont find opportunities, you make them.你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。You probably wont hear a knock if your television is always on.如果你常开着电视，你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。充当宾语形式：1）名词 2）代词 3）名词短语 4）宾语从句 5）数词 6）不定式 7）-ing 形式 形式宾语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格 )、不定式、动名词、(宾语) 从句充当, 表示动作的承受者是“谁” 或者是“ 何物 ”。如： The an
13、gel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing. (那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。) (代词和名词充当两个宾语) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。) ( 不定式作宾语) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功
14、课。) ( 动名词作宾语) / I think to be a childrens doctor is very 初高中英语衔接4rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。) (从句作宾语) (2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语, 不及物动词没有宾语 , 如果涉及到事物, 则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listen to the radio. (listen 不是及物动词, 故加 to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗？) (3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面, 但是在疑问句中 , 如果宾语是疑问词, 则宾语
15、要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如：What did he see? (他看见了什么？) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的信？) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么写的信？)(4) “动词+副词+ 宾语”结构中, 如果宾语是代词, 则代词必须放在 “动”“副”之间。如：Please put the shoes away. (请把鞋子收起来。 ) / Please put away the shoes. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put them awa
16、y. (请把它们收起来。)(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构： 动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如：He often gives me some help. (他常常帮我。) 动词+直接宾语+ 介词+间接宾语。 注意, 一般情况介词用 to, 但动词是 make, buy, borrow 时, 介词用 for。如：Please make me a kite. (请给我做个风筝。)或 Please make a kite for me.(6) 在“动词+宾语+ 宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句 ,则常用 it 做形式宾语, 而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如：I fo
17、und the job rather difficult. (我发觉这个工作相当难做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.(7) 宾语可以由从句充当。4表语：说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)Time is money.Three oclock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.你想做什么事，三点钟总是太早或太迟。构成形式：1）名词 2）形容词 3）代词 4）数词 5）不定式 6）ing 形式 7）过去分词8）副词 9）介词短语 10）表语从句(1)
18、 说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分, 通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。如：He became a doctor after he left high school. (高中毕业他当上了医生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.( 橡胶轮子在那边。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold. (他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。) / Who is it? (谁呀？)初高中英语衔接5(2) 表语只能放在连系动词(如：
19、 be, look, become, turn, get, grow, feel, seem) 之后, 对表语进行提问的句子除外。(3) 只能作表语的形容词有：sorry, afraid, alone, asleep, awake, ill, well, sure, 等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep. (请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。) / I am not alone in thinking so. (并非只有我
20、才这样想的。 )(4) 表语也可以由从句充当。5补语：补充说明。构成形式：1）名词 2）代词 3）形容词 4）数词 5）不定式 6）-ing 形式 7）过去分词 8）介词短语 9）副词主语补语：Tom was made monitor.宾语补语：I made Tom monitor.宾语补足语：(1) 补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语, 常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式、介词短语等充当。如：Call him Jim, please. (请叫他 Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭尽所能让他开心。) / Ask her to co
21、me to dinner tomorrow. (请他明天来。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他让小动物们给他带食物来。)(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如：Let him in , I tell you! (我跟你说,让他进来！)/ Please put it away . (请把它收起来。)(3) 不定式或分词作宾语补足语。6定语：对名词性形式进行范围限定。This is beautiful music.构成形式：1）限定词 2）形容词 3）名词 4）数词 5）不定式 6）-ing 形式 7）过去分词
22、8）介词短语 9）副词 10）定语从句(1) 修饰名词或代词的成分, 常由形容词、名词( 含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当, 在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如：Put it in the top drawer. (把它放在最上层的抽屉里。 ) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大学教师。) / This is the day that I c
23、an never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。)(2) 单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面, 而且有一定的次序：初高中英语衔接6冠词/物代/数词+年龄/形状+ 大小+色彩+来源+材料+ 目的/+用途+被修饰的名词( 中心词)(3) 时间副词(now, then, today, yesterday,.)、地点副词(here, there, back, in, out, home,.作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面。如：I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路, 所以就一直
24、呆在那儿。)(4) 介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面：The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。)(5) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时, 往往后置。如：He remembered everything unusual. (他记得所有不寻常的事情。)(6) 定语还可以用从句充当。(7) 注意：由于定语属于修饰性的成分, 因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中 , 不作为句子的主要成分。7同位语：对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.The 29t
25、h Olympic Games were held in the capital city of China, Beijing.构成形式：1）名词 2）代词 3）名词短语 4）数词 5）不定式 6）-ing 形式 7）同位语从句8状语：修饰动词、短语、从句和整句。位置：句首、句中、句末。1）修饰性状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词等（时间，地点，条件，程度，频度，方式，伴随，原因，目的，比较等）。Can you feel the love tonight?Home never looks so good as when you come back.只有出走又回家时，家才最感亲切。2）连接性状语：连接
26、上下文（顺序，递进，转折，让步，结果，推论，比较）。First comes spring, then summer.Ive never been to America, therefore I dont know much about it.3)评述性状语：修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法或态度。Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.4) 多个状语相连时, 一般先单词、后短语 ,先地点、后时间、先小概念、后大概念。如：He went out of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark. (他昨夜 22 点 3 刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。) / 初高中英语衔接7(4) 状语还可以用从句来充当, 有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。(5) 注意：由于状语属于修饰性的成分, 常归入谓语, 因此不作为句子的主要成分。
