1、温和表面活性剂 Mild Surfactants,化工081 万永旭 蒙素梅 李昌海 李健,Although there are many surfactants being promoted in the market for mildness , number of surfactants actually being used in personal care products is not so large as the number being promoted , due to strict legal requirements for thorough test prior to
2、 approval for use in these products. The paper summarized the most surfactants used in personal care products , which are classified to a - SAA , n - SAA , z - SAA and c - SAA , described the functions in formulae and mildness of these select surfactants. In the paper the authors discuss what makes
3、a surfactant irritating mild and how to improve mildness of a - SAA,尽管目前表面活性剂的品种有数千种之多, 但已通过试验证实可用于个人保护用品配方中的表面活性剂却寥寥可数。主要原因是去污好的表面活性剂并非都温和, 反之亦然。综述了目前已用于个人保护用品中的主要表面活性剂, 并按a - SAA、n - SAA、z - SAA 和c - SAA 分类说明了这些表面活性剂在配方中的功能及其温和程度。同时阐述了影响表面活性剂刺激性/ 温和程度的因素, 以及如何改善a - SAA 的温和性。还简述了表面活性剂温和性的试验方法,Mild
4、Surfactants Specialty Surfactants,Mild Surfactants are by their very nature specialty surfactants. This means that they are produced in smaller volumes compared to commodity type surfactants like linear alkyl benzene suffocate and their market prices are definitely higher. As most producers of speci
5、alty surfactants want to sell their products into the personal care market , there are many surfactants being promoted in the market for mildness。It is desirable that all the ingredients in personal care products be mild to skin , eyes , and mucous membrane. However , good detergency and mildness do
6、nt always seem to go hand in hand. Some primary surfactants are used in personal care products for reasons of good cleaning perform mince , and not because they are mile other surfactants which are especially mild are used then to improve the over all mildness of the total formulation,Anionic Surfac
7、tants,The major consumption of surfactants is in personal care products where cleaning and foaming are involved , (i .e. hair shampoos , body shampoos , soaps , etc. ) . Generally , anionic surfactants are used as the primary surfactant components to provide for good cleaning and good foaming. In ad
8、dition there are usually several co - surfactants or other ingredients added in smaller amounts to provide auxiliary benefits such as : foaming , viscosity building , improved skin feel , improved mildness , hair conditioning , Both soap and alcohol sulfate are used for their good cleaning/ foaming
9、performance , and not because they are particularly mild. Of all the anionic surfactants listed here , they should be considered the most irritating. Table l also shows some regional differences in the consumption of some of these surfactants. For example ,AOS is used in Japan and North America for
10、liquid soaps and shampoos but not in Europe. AMP is used primarily in Japan for body shampoos. In the North American market both cocoisethionate and AGES are used in syndic bars （AGES also in some shampoos) .,Nonionic Surfactants,Nonionic are used in personal care products to provide auxiliary benef
11、its such as emulsification , volatilization ,etc. The Table lists a number of these nonionic surfactants by type. As a general rule the nonionic surfactants are not as irritating as anionic surfactants. They provide good cleaning , but they are not as good for foaming as anionic surfactants (except
12、for APG) .,Amphoteric and Cationic Surfactants,Amphoterics as a class are generally considered the mildest of surfactants. They provide a combination of cleaning and foaming performance with exceptional mildness. Amphoterics are used in products such as baby shampoos where low eye irritation (non st
13、inging) is important.Cationic surfactants (quaternary ammonium salts) are not considered mild surfactants , nor good cleaning surfactants , but they do provide auxiliary benefits. They show strong substantively to skin and hair , and they also provide an emulsification function to other less water s
14、oluble ingredients. Hair washed in a conditioner can be combed more easily and is more lustrous. Certain catatonics are used in skin care and oral care products to provide a bactericidal function.,What Makes a Surfactant Irritating or Mild ?,Since the surfactants used in personal care products come
15、into close contact with the skin and occasionally with the eyes , it is important that they not produce irritation. Whether a surfactant is mild or irritating depends not on just a single factor , but rather on a combination of properties and events that take place at the molecular level . At the ri
16、sk of over simplifying a complex subject , we can propose the following general statements for comparing different type of surfactants.,Testing for Mildness,Various clinical and laboratory tests can be run on both human and animal subjects to assess to what extent a surfactant is considered mild or
17、irritating. Such tests are expensive and require more time to run , but they do give results on actual living subjects. In addition , there are also several in vitro tests which can be used to test the irritation potential of surfactants such as the swelling of skin samples , the observed effect of
18、surfactants on red blood cells , the microdot test the Zeon test , and octane water partition coefficient . While these tests may be quicker and easier to run , they can only estimate what the actual irritation potential or mildness will be. In addition , since most personal care formulations are mi
19、xtures of several types of surfactants , the test result on the mixture is more important than the results for the surfactants tested individually. The interested reader is well advised to contact a qualified toxicologist or a qualified test laboratory to carry out any testing required.,The end Thank you!,Have a nice day,
