1、Chapter One Introduction of Translation,Contents,Definition of Translation Varieties of Translation Principles of Translation Prerequisites of a translator,What is Translation?,Definitions given by Chinese scholars： 翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。 （现代汉语词典） 翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格和神韵。（吴献书，1949） 翻译是用一种
2、语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基，1980） 翻译的实质是语际的意义转换.（刘宓庆1990）,翻译的定义应该是：“将一种语言传达的信息用另一种语言传达出来。” （蔡毅，1995） 翻译是将一种语言所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。（王克非， 1997） 翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交流。 （沈苏儒，1998） 翻译应当把原文的本意，完全正确地介绍给中国读者，使中国读者所得到的概念等于英俄日德法读者从原文得来的概念。（瞿秋白）,Definitions given by Western scholars： to turn into ones ow
3、n language or another language翻译是翻成本族语言或另一种语言（(Websters) A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by thos
4、e who speak the language of the original work.”好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地遗注到另一种语言，以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受一样。（Tytler，1790） According to Catford, translation is “ the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)”.（翻译的定义也许可以这样说：把
5、一种语言（SL）中的篇章材料用另一种语言（TL）中的篇章材料来加以代替。）（卡特福德，1965）,翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面（也就是意义）不变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物的过程。（巴尔胡达罗夫，1985中文版） According to Newmark, translation is “ a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another
6、language” .（所谓翻译，是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。） (2001).,The British scholar Dr. Samuel Johnson once said: “To translate is to change into another language, remaining the sense.” According to Huang Long, translation may be defined as follows:The replacement of textual material in one language
7、 (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)翻译可以作以下界定：用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言（源出语）的文本材料。）,Summary,Translation is the information transferring between two languages and the cultural communication between two language families. Translation is a rendering from one language into anoth
8、er. Translation is a science, an art, a bilingual art, a craft, a skill, an operation and communication. Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. Translation is a kind of science because it was a whole set of rules governing it and
9、 certain objective laws to go by in the process of translating.,Varieties of translation,Interpretation and written translation In terms of SL and TL, Interlingual translation语际(不同语言之间)，Intralingual translation语内(同一语言rewording)，Intersemiotic translation符际(eg.把语言符号用图画、手势、数字或音乐来表达) In terms of style,
10、political essay政论，practical writing应用文，science and technology科技，literary translation,Principles of Translation,Tytlers: Essay on the Principles of Translation, 1791 A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.译文应完全复写出原作的思想。 The style and manner of writing should
11、 be of the same character as that of the original.译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。 A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.译文应和原作同样流畅。,严复: Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance (信、达、雅) “Faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying of the original content of thought. “Expressi
12、veness” demands that the version should be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense. “Elegance” refers to the use of classical Chinese before the Han Dynasty,玄奘：既需求真，又需喻俗 鲁迅：宁信而不顺，信(faithfulness), 顺(smoothness) 林语堂：忠实(faithsulness), 通顺(smoothness), 美(beautifulne
13、ss) 傅雷：重神似，不重形似(Lay emphasis on similarity in spirit not similarity in form) Eugene A. Nidas translation principle: Dynamic equivalence or Functional equivalence or Equivalent-effect theory. The main idea is that the translator is to produce as nearly possible the same effect on his readers as was p
14、roduced on the readers of the original.(动态对等或者功能对等),summary,faithfulness and smoothness忠实与通顺 Faithfulness refers to that content and style of TL should be faithful to the SL.(忠实于原文的内容，包括原文的事实，思想，感情，风格等) Smoothness requires that version should be clear and distinct, flowing and easy to read without s
15、igns of the mechanical word-for-word translation, of obscure language, of grammatical mistakes, confused structure and logic.（用词正确，得体，行文流畅，通顺，符合译文语言习惯，避免逐字死译，生搬硬套）,Faithfulness,My beloved parent has joined the heavenly chair. My dear father has passed away. My father has died. My old man has kicked
16、the bucket. Dr. Mike Quinn has a research paper in hand.原译：麦克 奎恩博士 有一篇研究论文在手里。改译：麦克 奎恩博士正在写一篇研究论文。 Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money.误译：因为简想赚钱，所以才不下力。改译： 简并不是因为想赚钱才下力干的。,此路不通No throughfare/Not a through steet 油漆未干Wet Paint 救命！救命！Help! Help! 不怀好意got evil in ones heart,How can yo
17、u catch tiger cubs without entering the tigers lair? It takes ten years to grow but a hundred years to rear people. Population explosion 他花钱如流水。 失败乃成功之母 别玩火,Smoothness,商业信函中：Sirs,Dear Sirs/Madams敬启者 Your sincerely此致敬礼 Cousin 堂兄，堂弟，堂姐，堂妹，表兄，表弟，表姐，表妹,The worst wheel of a cart creaks most. 直译：最坏的车轮最会嘎吱
18、响。 意译：才学最差，叫喊最响；出力最少，抱怨最忙；能猫不叫，叫猫不能 树倒猢狲散 直译：When the tree falls, the monkeys scatter. 意译：Members run away when the family falls. / Rats leave a sinking ship.,谋事在人，成事在天。（曹）Man proposes, Heaven disposes. (Yang)Man proposes, God disposes. (Hawkes) He made you for a high way to my bed; but I, a maid, d
19、ie maiden -widowed. (W. Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, 3, 3, 134-135)他要借着你做牵引相思的桥梁，可是我却要做一个独守空阁的怨女而死去。（朱生豪译）他要借你作捷径，登上我的床；可怜我这处女，守活寡，到死是处女。（方平译）,Prerequisites of a translator,As Zhou En-lai said: To be a good translator we should strengthen our “basic training” in the three essential aspects: The en
20、hancement of our political consciousness政治思想的基本功 The betterment of our command of the relevant languages语言本身的基本功，指语音、语法、词汇和听、说、写、译 The broadening of the range and scope of our general knowledge.文化知识的基本功，学好外语的同时，还要学国际知识、中外历史、地理和自然科学的知识,Prerequisites of a translator,扎实的语言功底（译入语，原语） 广博的文化知识 高度的责任感和爱岗敬业
21、的精神,扎实的语言功底（译入语，原语）,对英汉两种语言的正确的理解和纯熟的运用能力。 语法意识(sense of grammar) 惯用法意识(sense of idiomaticness) 连贯意识(sense of coherence),语法意识(sense of grammar),语法意识问题：译者能够牢固掌握汉英两种语言的语法规则，对汉英两种语言与发的差异有明确的意识，在表达时，能避免语法错误。 You cant be too careful. You dont want to do that. He lost a cool thousand dollars,他发现千人研究地理的记载有
22、许多不很可靠的地方。He found there were many unreliable points in the geography record which be searched by the people before. 改译：He found there were many unreliable points in the geographic records kept by his predecessors.,惯用法意识(sense of idiomaticness),惯用法意识表现在译者了解，熟悉并处处有意遵循英汉两种语言的习惯性用法。 He was strong in hi
23、s time. He took my advice in good part. He is ignorant to a proverb. Homekeeping youth have never homely wits.,本书收集了有关他们（钱钟书，杨绛）生平与创作的资料，有关的评论文章，同时选编了研究资料的目录索引，是研究钱钟书、杨绛的必备书。 It is a necessary book to study Qian Zhongshu and Yang Jiang, since it collects materials of their life and works as well as
24、relevant comment writings, and compiles contents and index of the research materials. It includes materials of their life experiences, literary creation and related commentary essays. A bibliographic index is also presented here, which all the more entitles the book to a must for the research on the
25、 two.,连贯意识(sense of coherence),连贯意识表现在译者了解英汉两种语言句内和句际衔接的特点，懂得汉语重意合，英语重形合的语言特点，善于调节句式结构，调整语序，运用或天界合适的语篇衔接手段，使译文连贯，逻辑明了，避免句际衔接突兀，上下文不贯通。,而今适逢华中师范大学百年华诞，世纪庆典，共襄盛举，追忆往事，铭记在心，勒石流芳，以垂后世。 On this special occasion when Huazhong Normal University is marking its centenary anniversary, we recall the unforgetta
26、ble past, write it down and engrave it on the memorial stone tablet so that it will be remembered by all the generations to come.,蜗阳苔干，名优特产，驰名中外，声震古今，翠绿、鲜嫩、清脆、可口，有“天然海蜇”之称；清乾隆年间奉献皇宫，故又名“贡菜”。 Taigan (a kind of dry steamed vegetable) is a famous special local product of Woyang, Anhui Province. It is w
27、ell-known all over the world. It can be regarded as “jellyfish on land”. Its green, tender, crisp and pleasant to taste. It was once an article pf tribute in Qing Dynasty.,广博的文化知识,杂学家 文化知识：相关国家的文化背景知识；汉英两种语言所体现的中西文化差异的知识；翻译理论以及翻译研究相关学科的知识,I am a Dutchman it is true. Watergate consumes Richard Nixons
28、 presidency. He is changing to Rip van Winkle. 华中大学：Huachung University/Central China University/Huazhong University 王府：the noble family 金陵十二钗： the twelve hairpins of Jinling/the twelve ladies of Jinling,高度的责任感和爱岗敬业的精神,严谨，端正的工作态度：一、周密的准备二、全面透彻的理解原文的语言和文化意义，理解原文的逻辑意义，再用准确得体的语言表达出来三、译后的校核 敬业、乐业的主人公意识,
