1、英语、汉语的文献格式和夹注格式一、 文献标识 （按学校规定）A. 连续出版物序号 主要责任者 .文献题名J.刊名,出版年份,卷号（期号）: 起止页码.B. 专著序号 主要责任者 .文献题名M.出版地:出版者,出版年.C. 会议论文集序号 主要责任者 .文献题名C.主编.论文集名.出版地: 出版者,出版年:起止页码.D. 毕业论文序号 主要责任者 .文献题名D. 保存地:保存单位,年份.E. 报告序号 主要责任者 .文献题名R.报告地:报告会主办单位 ,年份.F. 专利文献序号 专利所有者 .专利题名P.专利国别:专利号,发布日期.G. 国际、国家标准序号 标准代号 .标准名称S.出版地:出版者
2、,出版年.H. 报纸文章序号 主要责任者 .文献题名N. 报纸名,出版日期（版次）.I. 电子文献序号 主要责任者 .电子文献题名文献类型/载体类型 .电子文献的出版或可获得地址,引用日期（任选）二、 文献格式1. 英文著作类一位作者撰写的专著Coulson, D. S. Semantic Leaps M. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 两位作者撰写的专著Schank, R.C. and R. Abelson. Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding M. NJ: Hillsdale, Law
3、rence Erlbaum Associates Inc., 1977.三位作者撰写的专著Utley, F. L.L.Z. Bloom and A.F.Kinney. Bear, Man and God M. New York: Random House, 1964.团体作者写的书籍College Board. College Bound Seniors: 1989 SAT Profile M. New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1989.无作者书籍Guidelines for the Workload of College Engli
4、sh Teacher. M. Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, 1987.编辑的书籍Kerckhove, D. De and C. J. Lumsden, eds. The Alphabet and the Brain: The Lateralization of Writing M. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.翻译的书籍Lacan, J. Ecrits: A Selection M. trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton, 1977.重版书Carroll,
5、 D. W. Psychology of Language M. 3rd ed. USA: Brooks/Cole Company, 1999. rpt. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.多传本书籍Kettle, A. An Introduction to the English Novel M. Vol. 2. London: Hutchinson University Library, 1953.论文Niu, Ri. Effects of Collaborative Output on Chinese
6、Learners Lexical Learning D. Hongkong: The University of Hong Kong. 2008.2. 英文文章类一位作者撰写的文章Roediger, J.L. Implicit Memory: A Commentary J. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1990 (28), 373-380.两位作者撰写的文章Browell, L. H. and H. H. Potter. “Inference Deficits in Right-Brain Damaged Patients, 1986 (27):
7、10-21.作者超过三人Mascia-Lees, F. E., et al. Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer J. American Behavioral Scientists, 1987 (31): 101-104.收集在书籍中的文章Glover, D. The Stuff That Dreams Are Made of : Masculinity, Feminity, and the Thriller A Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure C. ed. D. Longhurst. London
8、: Unwin Hyman, 1989: 67-83.报纸中的文章Literacy on the Job N. USA Today 27 Dec. 1988: 6.书籍中的别人写的绪论、前言、后记等Halliday, M.A.K. Preface. Psychology of Language M. David W. Carroll. 3rd ed. USA Brooks/Cole Company, 1999. rpt. Beijing: Foreign Language Teching and Research Press, 2000. F15.会议论文集Black, J. Conservi
9、ng the Historical and Cultural Landscape A. Proceedings of the Conference of the Natioanl Trust for Historic Preservation, Western Regine. 2-3 May 1975. Denver, Colo. Washington, D.C.: Preservation Press, 1975.3. 英文网络出版物纸质期刊的电子版Burka, L. P. A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions J. MUD History
10、. 1996.2 Aug. 1996.报纸电子版中的文章Verhovek, Sam Howe. Microsoft Might Be Better Than One N. The New York Times. 1 May 2000. 3 June 2001.网络上的独立文本Eilola, J. Little Machhines: Rearticulating Hypertext Users. 3 Dec. 1994. 14 Aug 1996 .网络上的参考资料Fresco. Britannica Online. Vers. 98.2. April 1998. Encyclopedia Bri
11、tannica. 8 May 1998 .Carroll, D. W. Psychology of Language M. 3rd ed. USA: Brooks/Cole Company, 1999. rpt. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.College Board. College Bound Seniors: 1989 SAT Profile. M. New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1989.Coulson, D. S. Semantic
12、 Leaps M. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Eilola, J. Little Machines: Rearticulating Hypertext Users. 3 Dec. 1994. 14 Aug 1996. Fresco. Britannica Online. Vers. 98.2. April 1998. Encyclopedia Britannica. 8 May 1998. .ftp:/ 戴维H乔幼森, 王林译, 学习环境的理论基础 M, 上海: 华东师范大学出版社, 2008. 戴浩一著, 黄河译，时间顺序和汉语
13、的语序 J. 国外语言学 , 1988 (2) :10-20. 冯西桥. 核反应堆压力容器的 LBB 分析R. 北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院 ,1997.高校英语专业四级考试大纲修订小组, 高校英语专业四级考试大纲 Z. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2004. 郭著章, 布鲁尔动物词语初探 A. 杨自剑主编，英汉语比较与翻译 C. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.刘国钧, 郑如斯. 中国书的故事M. 北京:中国青年出版社, 1979.GB/T 16159-1996. 汉语拼音正词法基本规则S. 北京:中国标准出版社,1996.姜锡洲. 一种温热外敷药制备方案P. 中国专利: 88105
14、6078,1983-08-12.孙品一. 高校学报编辑工作现代化特征A.中国高等学校自然科学学报研究会.科技编辑学论文集C. 北京:北京师范大学出版社, 1998: 10-22.王广成, 汉语无定名词短语的语义特征：指称和量化 D. 北京: 北京语言大学, 2007.谢希德.创造学习的思路N. 人民日报 ,1998-12-25 (10).姚伯元.中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程EB/OL.http:/ 1998-08-16/1998-10-04.袁庆龙, 候文义. Ni-P 合金镀层组织形貌及显微硬度研究J.太原理工大学学报, 2001, 32 (1): 51-53.张和生. 地质力学系统理论
15、D. 太原: 太原理工大学,1998.几点说明：对于英文参考文献，1. 作者姓名采用 “姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是： 姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，之后第二位作者按正常顺序，如：Frank Norris 与 Irving Gordon 应为：Norris, F. and I. Gordon.2.书名、报刊、期刊名、论文使用斜体字，首字母大写，如：Mastering English Literature， English Weekly。3. 参考文献是硕士 /博士论文，按书名方式斜体
16、，首字母大写。4. 由中国人写的英文文章或书，属英文类，作者名用拼音方式，姓氏用逗号隔开。如 Pan Wei, 应为 Pan， Wei。5. 如果是外国作者，引文来自中文译作，文献放入汉语类，外国作者用汉语，并标明译者美 戴维H乔幼森，2002，黄明译，学习环境的理论基础 M。上海：华东师范大学出版社。三. 正文内文献引用的 MLA 格式要求短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文，并且用双引号标明。双引号表示直接引语，单引号只用来标注引语中的引语。引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示（书名除外） 。句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须放在引号之内（无论单引号还是双引号） ，冒号（:）和分号（;）都必须
17、放在引号之外，引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内，否则问号（ “?”）应放在引号之外。如： A silver dome concealed the robots “brain.”Hakuta found two types of error in the subjects article usage and he termed them “error of omission” and “error of commission.”Where does Whitman speak of “the meaning of poems”?对论文中的直接引用或间接引用部分所依据的文献以夹注的形式标出。注意：
18、正文中所采用的夹注要与参考文献严格一一对应。所有文中夹注必须能在 Bibliography 中找到与其对应的文献；同样，所有在 Bibliography 中所列举的都是文中夹注引用涉及的文献，不得罗列同正文没有直接关系的文献。夹注可以采用以下几种形式： 作者姓氏未在引文中出现Medieval Europe was a place both of “raids, pillages, slavery, and extortion” and of “traveling merchants, monetary exchange, towns if not cities, and active mark
19、ets in gain” (Townsend and Waugh 10-16). （注意：MLA 格式不加年代，只加作者姓和页码，没有逗号）Others hold the opposite point of view (e.g., Jakobson 9; Waugh 34)Modern Literary studies have their origin in classic studies (Graff et al.19-35).Modern Literary studies have their origin in classic studies (Clinchy, Graff , Gol
20、dberger, and Tarule 15-20).(作者有三个以上，则在第一位作者的姓氏后写上 et al.以示其余姓氏的省略，或列上全部姓氏，夹注中的形式应与参考文献中的形式保持一致) 作者姓氏在引文中出现Graff defines his recent book, Professing Literature, as “a history of academic literary studies in the United States” (10).In The Age of Voltaire, the Durants portray eighteenth century England
21、 as a minor force in the world of music and art (214-248).（注意：文内已出现作者名，括号里就只要加页码） 如在引文中提及整个文献及作者姓氏（不必夹注, 但参考文献中要注明相关出版信息）Slades revision of Form and Style incorporates changes made in the 1995 edition of the MLA Handbook. 集体作者如果组织名称太长，第一次提及时可采用全称后加注缩略The annual report revealed substantial progress i
22、n fundraising (American Museum of Natural History 12, hereafter AMNH).以后直接用缩略形式做夹注The report surveys the major problems in fundraising (AMNH 15). 引用多卷本中的一卷Between the years 1945 and 1972, the political party system in the United States underwent profound changes (Schlesinger, vol. 4).Schlesinger poi
23、nted out the profound changes the political party system in the United States underwent between 1945 and 1972 (4: 98-104). 引用同一作者的两篇以上的文献, 可以分别以文献名的缩略形式注释Shaughnessy points out that “the beginning writer does not know how writers behave” (Errors 79). （注意: 书名缩略形式用斜体，文章名缩略形式用正体，实词首字母大写，与参考文献写法保持一致）Tea
24、chers applauded Shaughnessys assertion that “teaching them beginning writers to write well is not only suitable but challenging work for those who would be teachers and scholars in a democracy” (Diving in 68). （注意:书名缩略形式用斜体，文章名缩略形式用正体，实词首字母大写，与参考文献写法保持一致） 一个夹注中涉及一篇以上文献（即：同一括号里多件作品的引用）Empirical studi
25、es on student learning carried out since the 70s have found that students learning outcomes to a great extent depend on their choice of learning approaches (Biggs, Empirical Studies; Learning Strategies).（注意：这里不同的斜、正体表示作者的两篇不同作品，斜体者为书，正体者为文章。 ）The major finding from the earlier studies (Barley; Clem
26、ent et al.; Gardner and Lambert; Gliksman; Spolsky) was that learners with an integrative motivation tended to obtain better achievement that those with an instrumental motivation.（注意引用作品的排序） 转引Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450) 引文来自于中文作者But
27、 even in literary translation, linguistics is hardly a burden. Some famous Chinese scholars pointed out that “If one sees linguistics as a body of rules regulating language, translators most probably will yawn with boredom. If it signifies the use of words and locutions to fit an occasion, there is
28、nothing to stop translators from embracing linguistics.” (Wang Zongyan and Shen Jiaxuan 38). (用汉语拼音表述) 如果引文较长，超过 4 行，拟另起一行，不加引号，左边缩进 10 个英文字母（即约 4 个英文字符） ， 用 5 号字，夹注紧随引文末尾：At the conclusion of Lord of the Flies, Ralph and the other boys realize the horror of their actions:The tears began to flow and
29、 sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake
30、 and sob too. (186)引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字书信和谈话（含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出，但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如：Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work.引用文学作品和经典文献在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行，如：In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare
31、s Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as twere, the mirror up to nature” (III.ii. 21-23).这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的 21 至 23 行。 （注意标点的使用。 ）在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行，如：When Homers Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft
32、 spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第 10 节的 209 至 211 行。对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数，使用“line” ，以后的引用则不需再说明。例如：第一次引用：(lines 5-8)以后的引用：(12-13)在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候，应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节，如：One of Kingsolvers narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rache
33、l complains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2, ch. 10).例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第 117 页。 （注意标点和缩略语的使用。 ）在引用圣经 、 可兰经等经典文献的时候，应标出引文的篇、章、节，如：Consider the words of So
34、lomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. 25.21).例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约圣经的箴言篇第 25 章第 21 节。 圣经各篇的缩写有标准的写法，因而使用时应该注意核对。对引语文字的更改直接引语如出现在正文中间，使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法，不得出现“句中句” 。为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语法，往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。如果要删除引语中个别词句，可以用省略号（ellipses“
35、” ）取代删除的词句。如果要加入或者更改个别单词或者词组，则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号（square brackets“ ” ）以内。例如：删除词句：He stated, “The placebo effect, . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.添加词组：Smith (276) found that “the placebo effect, which had be
36、en verified in previous studies, disappeared when his own and others behaviors were studied in this manner.”无论删改还是添加字词均不得变更引语的原意。注意：如果删除是在句内，应该空一格以后再加省略号。如果删除是在一句整句以后，则应在该整句最后的标点（句号、问号或惊叹号）不空格直接加省略号。省略号应该用三个句点。引用网络和电子出版物引用网络文献和电子出版物时文中夹注的基本原则与引用其他文献时是基本一致的。引用网络和电子文献观点时有两种情况:一种是引用网络与电子文献的全文观点（或做整体描述）
37、,如果作者的姓氏或研究项目/主题网站的名称已在正文同一句中出现，按 MLA 的规范不需要使用括号夹注，如：William I. Mitchells City of Bits discusses architecture and urban life in the context of the digital telecommunications revolution.The database Duecento is an invaluable source for texts of medieval Itanlian poetry.Romance Languages and Literatur
38、e Home Pagehas links to many helpful resources.另一种情况是引用部分观点，如果作者的姓氏或研究项目/主题网站的名称在正文中没有出现，那么在括号夹注中需注明作者或项目名称，文章名称，段落。One online film critic stated that Fitzcarraldo is “.a beautiful and terrifying critique of obsession and colonialism” (Garcia, “Herzog: a Life,” par. 18).（其中“par.”指网页上的段落）Hypertext, a
39、s one theorist puts it, is “all about connection, linkage, and affiliation” (Moulthrop, “You Say,” par.19).如果作者姓氏已给出，则夹注中只标注所缺项目：“The debut of Julius Caesar,” according to Sohmer, “proclaimed Shakespeares Globe a theater of courage and ideas, a place where an audience must observe with the inner eye, listen with the inner ear” (par. 44).2013-12-18
