1、从句知识（冷水江一中培优课资料）名词性从句是由 if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。 一主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语 it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和 it 引导强调句的It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It
2、 is John that broke the window.2. 用 it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is 名词从句It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识 (2) it is 形容词从句It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 (3) it is 不及物动词从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 (4) it 过去分词从句 It is reported that 据报道 It h
3、as been proved that 已证实 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： I
4、t occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. (wrong) (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。
5、例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong) 4. What 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而 that 则不然。例如： 1) What you said yesterday is right. 2) That she is still alive is a consolation. 5whether 和 if 的区别whether 可用于一切名词性从
6、句，可与 or 和 to do 连接，而 if 只和动词宾语从句连用，并且不能和 or 与 to do 连接二宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由 that 引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如： I heard that be joined the army. (2) 由 what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如： 1) She did not know what had happened. 2) I wonder whether you can change this no
7、te for me. (3) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation. 2. 作介词的宾语 例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 3. 作形容词的宾语 例如：I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语： Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, gla
8、d, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的 that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 4. It 可以作为形式宾语 It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语 that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month 5. 后边不能直接跟 that 从句的动词 这类动词有 Al
9、low, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive 等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用 that 引导的宾语从句。例如： I admire their winning the match. (right) I admire that they won the match. (wrong) 6. 不可用 that 从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词间接宾语 that 从句“结构中，常见的有 Envy, order, acc
10、use, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate 等。例如： He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right) He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong) 7. 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为 Think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine 等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语
11、上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如： I dont think this dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。） 三表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句“。可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等。引导表语从句的 that 常可省略。另外，常用的还有 the reason is that 和 It is because 等结构。例如： 1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short
12、 time. 2) This is why we cant get the support of the people 3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. 4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。 1. 同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由 that 引导，例如： 1) The kings decision
13、that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 (1) 定语从句中的 that 既代替先行词，同时以在从句中
14、作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的 that 是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。 (2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如： 1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个 that 引导的从句是定语从句，that 在从句中作宾语） 2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤
15、姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that 在句中不作任何成分） 定语从句知识解析：1. 注意英汉差异：汉语的定语无论多长都放在被修饰词的前面，而英语中的定语则不然，是一个词时，放在被修饰词的前面，如： .a beautiful girl .a lovely boy 是两个以上的词组、短语或从句则放在被修饰词的后面，如： .She is the girl in red. 她就是穿红衣的女孩。 .The lady carried a bag full of money. 那位女士背了个装满钱的包。 .He is the man who you are looking for. 她就是你在找
16、的人。 2. 分清主句与从句，看究竟哪个句子缺少成分。 如上面第 5：主句：He is the man 从句：who you are looking for 在从句中，looking for 的宾语是 the man.因此选用关系代词 who(whom)放置于句首，便是定语从句。 3.从句中做宾语的关系代词可以省略，故第 5 题可以写成： He is the man you are looking for. 1、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语 2、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后 Those who are willing to attend the party, sign h
17、ere please. 3、先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词 （1）先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和 no 与-boy, -thing 的合成词；或 all、none、any、some、that、those 等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。 （2）先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点： 先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。 This is the place which is worth visiting. 关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。 There are
18、many places we can visit（them）in China. 4、关系词：引导定语从句的都称关系词 关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as。 关系副词：when, where, why。that 偶尔也作关系副词。 5、确定关系词的步骤 （1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。 （2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。6、在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用 that 而不用 which （1）先行词被形容词最高级 序数词 数词几种词修饰或被only、any、few、little、no、all、one of 等修饰时。 （2）先行
19、词为 all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything 等不定代词时。 （3）先行词中既有人又有物时。 He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus. （4）先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。 The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago. （5）当主句中含有疑问词 which 时。 Which are the books that you bought for me ? 7、宜
20、用 which 而不用 that 的情况 （1）在非限制性定语从句中 （2）在关系词前有介词时 （3）当先行词本身是 that 时 （4）当关系词离先行词较远时 8、关系词 who 与 that 指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词 （1）当主句是 there be 句型时，关系词用 who。 （2）先行词是为 anyone、those、someone、everyone、one 等词时，关系词用 who。 （3）当主句是 who 作疑问词时，关系词用 that。 Who is that girl that is standing by the window? （4）whom 在从句中只作宾语
21、，可被 who 取代。 9、whose 作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。如： Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving ? There is a room, whose window faces the river. There is a room, the window of which faces the river. 10、关系代词 as,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。 （1）先行词被 such 和 the same 修饰，或句型 as many（much）中，从句都用 as 引导。 Such books as you bough
22、t are useful. The school is just the same as it was 10 years age. 注意：区别such that 引导的结果状语从句。They are such lovely children that we love them much.the same that 引导定语从句。I want to use the same tool that you used just now.（2）无先行词的定语从句用 as 和 which 引导。 区别：意义上：as 含有“这点正如一样”。位置上：as 从句可置句首，也可在另处。 He didnt pass
23、 the exam, as we had expected. There is lots of air in loose snow, which can keep the cold out. As is known, the earth is round, not flat. 11、关系副词 when 与 where、why、that when 指时间 = in / at / on / during which where 指地点 = in / at / from / which why 指原因 = for which 当先行词为 way、day、reason、time 时，可用 that 作
24、关系副词。（非正式场合） I dont like the way that / in which / he talks. 当 time 作先行词时，关系词可以省掉。 This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French. 12、必须注意的问题 （1）关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。 （2）注意区别定语从句与强调句。 定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。 强调 it 无意义，that / who 不是引导词。 强调 it is / was 和 that / who 后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。 It is the
25、museum that / which we visited last year.(定语从句) It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（强调句） （3）定语从句与同位语从句的区别。 定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that 充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。 同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that 不能充当任何成分，不可省。 Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语) We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语) （4）关系
26、词在从句中省略的情况。 关系词作宾语，前无介词时。 关系词作表语。 （5）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。 （6）关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是 which 和 whom。 （7）几个特殊的定语从句句型： He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.（句中 one 为先行词） He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中 students 为先行词） Is this place the
27、 one (that) we visited yesterday? Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ? He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.It may rain, in which case the match will be put off. 二、精典名题导解 1. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that farawa
28、y village.（NMET 2001） A.until B.that C.when D.where 2. _ is known to everybody, the noon travels around the earth once every month.(NMET 2001) A.It B.As C.That D.What 3. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town _ hegrew up as a child.(NMET 1996) A.which B.where C.that D.wh
29、en 。 定语从句的“干扰”作用 一、 把定语从句与强调句型混为一谈，从而构成相互干扰。 本句型变化的特征在被强调部分或其他部分中找出一个先行词，附上修饰该部分的定语从句，这样整个句子结构就变得非常复杂。例如： 1He was nearly drowned once. When was _? _ was in 1998 _he was in middle school. A. that; It; when B. this; This; when C. this; It; that D. that; It; that 简析：本题答案为 A。由于定语从句的干扰作用，相当一部分考生选了 D。这样就成
30、了It was in 1998 that he was in middle school.这样就成了一个强调句型，意为“是在 1998 年他上的中学”，孤立地看本句虽成立，但联系上下文来看，却属“所问非所答”。因为上文问的是“他何时差点每被淹死？”而非“何时上的中学”。原来 when 是关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰 1998。定语从句 when he was in middle school 干扰了强调句型中的 that 结构。 2It was in the village where he was born that he spent his childhood. 3It was playi
31、ng computer games that cost the boy plenty of time （that）he ought to have spent doing his lessons. 二、 定语从句干扰主句的谓语。 4The letter we were looking forward to _yesterday. A. coming B. came C. come D. has come 5Was the car he had repaired? 三、 定语从句对和名词性从句的相互干扰。 由于形式上的近似，定语从句对名词性从句起着干扰作用，造成考生分不清究竟是定语从句或是名词性
32、从句。做此类题时要慎重，细心。 A定语从句干扰表语从句 6Is this school _your father worked in ten years ago? 7Is this school _your father worked ten years ago? A. where B. what C. that D. the one 简析：看了半天，眼睛发酸，才发现两题只有一词(in)之差，正是这一词之差，第一题选D，your father worked in 作定语从句修饰 the one; 第二题选 A, where 引导后面的句子作表语从句。 8Is this the school t
33、hat your father visited ten years ago? 9Is this the school where your father worked ten years ago? 10Is this room the one he lived in last year? （修饰 the one） 11Is this the room he lived in last year? （修饰 the room） B 定语从句干扰同位语从句 12The suggestion _ you should do it at once is not the one _ I gave youA
34、. what; which B. which; what C. that; that D. which; that 13We all have heard the news that our team won. 14 We dont believe the news that/ which he told us the other day.C定语从句干扰主语从句 15As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China. 16It is known to all that Taiwan is part of China. 17The suggestion he
35、 thought of was reasonable. 18The suggestion was that he (should) leave immediately. 19The suggestion that he leave immediately is reasonable. 20It is my suggestion that he leave immediately. 21It is a fact that he was a thief. 22The fact that he was a thief surprised everyone present. 23I nearly fo
36、rgot the fact that he told me yesterday. 24The war and suffering it caused affected him greatly. 四、 定语从句对状语从句的干扰作用。 25He is _a clever boy _ we all like him. A. such; that B. such; as C. so; that D. so; as 26He is such a good student as is liked by everyone. 27He is such a good student that he is lik
37、ed by everyone. 下面这个题把定语从句和结果状语从句有机地结合在一起，请欣赏： 28It is such a good place _ everybody wants to go and visit _ it is well known all over the world. A. that; that B. as; as C. as; that D. that; as 五、 定语从句与独立主格结构的相互干扰。 29With everything she needed bought, she left the shop happily. 30Not far from the cl
38、ub, there was a garden, _ owner seated in it playing bridge with his children every afternoon. A. whose B. its C. which D. that 简析：经过对多名学生的实验，几乎都把空格所在的句子看作非限定性定语从句而选了 A。殊不知，这是一个独立主格结构 ，its owner 作 seated 的逻辑主语，应选 B。如选 A，应在 owner和 seated 之间加上 was。 六、 定语从句对主谓一致句式的干扰 31One of the boys who_ my friends_v
39、ery good at English. A. is; are B. are; is C. is; is D. are; are 32He is one of the students who are late for class. 33He is the only one of the students who is late for class. 七、 定语从句对并列句的干扰作用。 34I have two novels, and both of _ are interesting. 35I have two novels, both of _are interesting. A. wha
40、t B. them C. which D. whom 八、 定语从句对一些固定句式的干扰 36You cant imagine the hard time she had _ the children. A. bringing up B. to bring up C. growing D. on raising 37The washing machine she had had repaired went wrong again. 38You cant imagine the difficulty I had finding your lost car. 39The person you ha
41、d help me proved to be capable. 40I lay in the sofa, enjoying the beautiful music Jack had coming out of his DVD.状语从句由从属连词(subordinating conjunctions)引导。注意状语从句与主句之间的逻辑关系，选择正确的连词;有些连词能引导多种状语从句。 一、时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词主要有:after， as， before， once, since， till， until， when， whenever， while， as soon as;另外有
42、些词如:immediately(立刻)， directly(直接的)， instantly(立即地)用于 as soon as 意义时,有些名词词组如 the moment(片刻)， the instant(立即的)， the minute， the day， the year， every time， next time,each time 等也用来引导时间状语从句:The mother didnt go to bed until her little daughter returned home last night. Ill explain it to you immediately I
43、ve finished reading the letter. 1.You see the lightning _it happens， but you hear the thunder later.A） the instant(立即) B） for an instant C） on the instant(马上) D） in an instant(马上)No sooner . than 和 hardly/scarcely/barely . when 也用来引导状语从句,意思是“一就”;如果将 no sooner， hardly, scarcely， barely 放在句首,就用倒装结构。I
44、had hardly entered the temple when it began to rained. 2._when she started complaining.A）Not until he arrived B）No sooner had he arrivedC）Hardly had he arrived D）Scarcely did he arrived3.No sooner had we reached the top of the hill_we all sat down to rest.A） when B） then C） than D） untilwhen， while，
45、 once， until,till 等后接介词短语非谓语动词或形容词,相当于这些词引导的状语从句:Hiram had read Lu Xuns works when （he was） in London. 海勒姆在伦敦时就读过鲁迅的作品。When， whenever， where， wherever 常常后接 possible， necessary :She tried her best to speak English whenever possible. 只要可能,她就尽量说英语。二、地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的主要有:where, wherever 及- where 构成的复合词。例:
46、Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field， he succeeded_other more well-in formed experimenters failed.A） which B） that C） what D） where虽然在此领域内的许多工作他知道的很少,但是,在比他知道得更多的实验者失败的地方,他却成功了。（B4，1998.1-40， D 对。）We received a warm welcome everywhere we arrived.我们每一个地方都受到热烈的欢迎。三、
47、原因状语从句最常用的连词是:because， since， as， now （that）， seeing that ，consider that 等; 注意 in that 是复合连词,意思是 because 或“在方面”; since 也用来引导原因状语从句。例:_ we have finished the course， we shall start doing more revision work.A） For now B） Now that C）Ever since D） By nowSeeing that it is raining hard tonight， well have t
48、o stay here . 今晚下这么大的雨,我们只好在这里过夜了。Liquids are like solids_they have a definite volume. 体积A） in that B） for that C） with that D） at that四、目的状语从句主要的引导词有:so that， in order that， so,less， in case 等。目的状语从句常常含有情态动词。例:They are hurrying so that / in order that they may not miss the train.He wrote down my name for fear that / less he should forget it. 五、条件状语从句1.最常用的引导词有: if， if only（if 的强调式）,unless， as long as， so long as， in case， providing， provide （that）， supposing， in the event that， on co
