1、Chapter 12,Capital Budgeting and Estimating Cash Flows,Capital Budgeting and Estimating Cash Flows,The Capital Budgeting Process Generating Investment Project Proposals Estimating Project “After-Tax Incremental Operating Cash Flows”,What is Capital Budgeting?,The process of identifying, analyzing, a
2、nd selecting investment projects whose returns (cash flows) are expected to extend beyond one year.,The Capital Budgeting Process,Generate investment proposals consistent with the firms strategic objectives. Estimate after-tax incremental operating cash flows for the investment projects. Evaluate pr
3、oject incremental cash flows.,The Capital Budgeting Process,Select projects based on a value-maximizing acceptance criterion. Reevaluate implemented investment projects continually and perform postaudits for completed projects.,Classification of Investment Project Proposals,1. New products or expans
4、ion of existing products 2. Replacement of existing equipment or buildings 3. Research and development 4. Exploration 5. Other (e.g., safety or pollution related),Screening Proposals and Decision Making,1. Section Chiefs 2. Plant Managers 3. VP for Operations 4. Capital Expenditures Committee 5. Pre
5、sident 6. Board of Directors,Advancement to the next level depends on cost and strategic importance.,Estimating After-Tax Incremental Cash Flows,Cash (not accounting income) flows Operating (not financing) flows After-tax flows Incremental flows,Basic characteristics of relevant project flows,Estima
6、ting After-Tax Incremental Cash Flows,Ignore sunk costs Include opportunity costs Include project-driven changes in working capital net of spontaneous changes in current liabilities Include effects of inflation,Principles that must be adhered to in the estimation,Tax Considerations and Depreciation,
7、Generally, profitable firms prefer to use an accelerated method for tax reporting purposes (MACRS).,Depreciation represents the systematic allocation of the cost of a capital asset over a period of time for financial reporting purposes, tax purposes, or both.,Depreciation and the MACRS Method,Everyt
8、hing else equal, the greater the depreciation charges, the lower the taxes paid by the firm. Depreciation is a noncash expense. Assets are depreciated (MACRS) on one of eight different property classes. Generally, the half-year convention is used for MACRS.,MACRS Sample Schedule,Depreciable Basis,In
9、 tax accounting, the fully installed cost of an asset. This is the amount that, by law, may be written off over time for tax purposes. Depreciable Basis = Cost of Asset + Capitalized Expenditures,Capitalized Expenditures,Capitalized Expenditures are expenditures that may provide benefits into the fu
10、ture and therefore are treated as capital outlays and not as expenses of the period in which they were incurred. Examples: Shipping and installation,Sale or Disposal of a Depreciable Asset,Often historically, capital gains income has received more favorable U.S. tax treatment than operating income.,
11、Generally, the sale of a “capital asset” (as defined by the IRS) generates a capital gain (asset sells for more than book value) or capital loss (asset sells for less than book value).,Corporate Capital Gains / Losses,Capital losses are deductible only against capital gains.,Currently, capital gains
12、 are taxed at ordinary income tax rates for corporations, or a maximum 35%.,Calculating the Incremental Cash Flows,Initial cash outflow - the initial net cash investment. Interim incremental net cash flows - those net cash flows occurring after the initial cash investment but not including the final
13、 periods cash flow. Terminal-year incremental net cash flows - the final periods net cash flow.,Initial Cash Outflow,a) Cost of “new” assets b) + Capitalized expenditures c) + (-) Increased (decreased) NWC d) - Net proceeds from sale of “old” asset(s) if replacement e) + (-) Taxes (savings) due to t
14、he sale of “old” asset(s) if replacement f) = Initial cash outflow,Incremental Cash Flows,a) Net incr. (decr.) in operating revenue less (plus) any net incr. (decr.) in operating expenses, excluding depr. b) - (+) Net incr. (decr.) in tax depreciation c) = Net change in income before taxes d) - (+)
15、Net incr. (decr.) in taxes e) = Net change in income after taxes f) + (-) Net incr. (decr.) in tax depr. charges g) = Incremental net cash flow for period,Terminal-Year Incremental Cash Flows,a) Calculate the incremental net cash flow for the terminal period b) + (-) Salvage value (disposal/reclamat
16、ion costs) of any sold or disposed assets c) - (+) Taxes (tax savings) due to asset sale or disposal of “new” assets d) + (-) Decreased (increased) level of “net” working capital e) = Terminal year incremental net cash flow,Example of an Asset Expansion Project,Basket Wonders (BW) is considering the
17、 purchase of a new basket weaving machine. The machine will cost $50,000 plus $20,000 for shipping and installation and falls under the 3-year MACRS class. NWC will rise by $5,000. Lisa Miller forecasts that revenues will increase by $110,000 for each of the next 4 years and will then be sold (scrap
18、ped) for $10,000 at the end of the fourth year, when the project ends. Operating costs will rise by $70,000 for each of the next four years. BW is in the 40% tax bracket.,Initial Cash Outflow,a) $50,000 b) + 20,000 c) + 5,000 d) - 0 (not a replacement) e) + (-) 0 (not a replacement) f) = $75,000*,*
19、Note that we have calculated this value as a “positive” because it is a cash OUTFLOW (negative).,Incremental Cash Flows,Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 a) $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 b) - 23,331 31,115 10,367 5,187 c) = $16,669 $ 8,885 $29,633 $34,813 d) - 6,668 3,554 11,853 13,925 e) = $10,001 $ 5,
20、331 $17,780 $20,888 f) + 23,331 31,115 10,367 5,187 g) = $33,332 $36,446 $28,147 $26,075,Terminal-Year Incremental Cash Flows,a) $26,075 The incremental cash flow from the previous slide in Year 4. b) + 10,000 Salvage Value. c) - 4,000 .40*($10,000 - 0) Note, the asset is fully depreciated at the en
21、d of Year 4. d) + 5,000 NWC - Project ends. e) = $37,075 Terminal-year incremental cash flow.,Summary of Project Net Cash Flows,Asset ExpansionYear 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 -$75,000* $33,332 $36,446 $28,147 $37,075* Notice again that this value is a negative cash flow as we calculated it as the
22、 initial cash OUTFLOW in slide 12-18.,Example of an Asset Replacement Project,Let us assume that previous asset expansion project is actually an asset replacement project. The original basis of the machine was $30,000 and depreciated using straight-line over five years ($6,000 per year). The machine
23、 has two years of depreciation and four years of useful life remain-ing. BW can sell the current machine for $6,000. The new machine will not increase revenues (remain at $110,000) but it decreases operating expenses by $10,000 per year (old = $80,000). NWC will rise to $10,000 from $5,000 (old).,In
24、itial Cash Outflow,a) $50,000 b) + 20,000 c) + 5,000 d) - 6,000 (sale of “old” asset) e) - 2,400 - f) = $66,600,(tax savings from loss on sale of “old” asset),Calculation of the Change in Depreciation,Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 a) $23,331 $31,115 $10,367 $ 5,187 b) - 6,000 6,000 0 0 c) = $17,331 $2
25、5,115 $10,367 $ 5,187a) Represent the depreciation on the “new” project.b) Represent the remaining depreciation on the “old” project.c) Net change in tax depreciation charges.,Incremental Cash Flows,Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 a) $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 b) - 17,331 25,115 10,367 5,187 c) = $
26、 -7,331 -$15,115 $ -367 $ 4,813 d) - -2,932 -6,046 -147 1,925 e) = $ -4,399 $ -9,069 $ -220 $ 2,888 f) + 17,331 25,115 10,367 5,187 g) = $12,932 $16,046 $10,147 $ 8,075,Terminal-Year Incremental Cash Flows,a) $ 8,075 The incremental cash flow from the previous slide in Year 4. b) + 10,000 Salvage Va
27、lue. c) - 4,000 (.40)*($10,000 - 0). Note, the asset is fully depreciated at the end of Year 4. d) + 5,000 Return of “added” NWC. e) = $19,075 Terminal-year incremental cash flow.,Summary of Project Net Cash Flows,Asset ExpansionYear 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 -$75,000 $33,332 $36,446 $28,147 $37,075Asset ReplacementYear 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 -$66,600 $12,933 $16,046 $10,147 $19,075,
