1、国际组织法,International Institutions,第一节 概述,一、国际组织法 1、国际组织 2、国际法上的国际组织 指政府间国际组织。 由两个以上的国家通过协议而创立的一种国家联盟或国家联合体。,特征： 建立在主权国家之间； 依据国家间的协议 设立了常设机构； 具有自主权； 拥有国家间合作的职能。,二、国际组织法 国际组织法是用以规范和调整国际组织的创立、法律地位、内外活动以及有关法律关系问题的所有法律原则、规则和制度的总称。 内部法和外部法。 调整内容：国际组织的基本文件、法律地位、法律人格、法律责任、参与者、组织机构与职权、议事规则与表决制度、组织决议的效力与实施、组织的
2、对外权利能力与行为能力、组织的法律秩序、组织内部争端的解决、以及组织经费的来源与管理。,三、国际组织的历史发展 1、国际组织发展的条件： 2、国际组织发展的直接渊源： 以欧洲协调为标志的会议制度； 国际行政联盟的出现,3、1899年和1907年两次海牙和会对现代国际组织的形成具有重大影响。 4、发展阶段： 19世纪：形成和初步发展时期 20世纪：国际组织的兴盛和发展时期 第一阶段：国联 第二阶段：联合国,四、国际组织的类型： 1、依据组织同政府间的关系来分：政府间国际组织和非政府间国际组织； 2、依据组织同成员国主权的关系来划分，政府间组织与超国家组织。,3、依据组织成员的构成来分：普遍性国际
3、组织和封闭性国际组织。 封闭型组织： 区域性的：美洲国家组织；欧盟 共同背景的：北约； 封闭型职能组织，如石油输出国组织,4、依据组织宗旨与职能来划分：一般性国际组织和职能性或专门化国际组织。 IMF UN 5、依据组织的权力性质：咨询性组织、立法性组织、执行性组织。,6、普遍性国际组织与区域性国际组织 联合国，世界银行，国际货币基金组织，实际贸易组织 欧盟，北大西洋公约组织，阿拉伯国家联盟等,第二节 国际组织的成员,一、完全会员 1、 类型：国家 2、会籍的取得 创始会员国 加入会员国 问题： 中国是联合国、世界贸易组织的创始会员国还是加入会员国？,联合国宪章,第三条 凡曾经参加金山联合国国
4、际组织会议或前此曾签字于年 月日联合国宣言之国家，签订本宪章，且依宪章第一百一十条规 定而予以批准者，均为联合国之创始会员国。 第四条 一、凡其他爱好和平之国家，接受本宪章所载之义务，经本组织 认为确能并愿意履行该项义务者，得为联合国会员国。 二、准许上述国家为联合国会员国，将由大会经安全理事会之推 荐以决议行之。,关于建立世界贸易组织的协议,第十一条 创始成员 1凡是在本协议生效之日已是1947年关贸总协定的缔约方和欧洲共同体，接受本协议和多边贸易协议，并在1994年关贸总协定中附有承诺和减让表以及在服务贸易总协定中附有具体承诺单者，都是WTO创始成员。 2联合国所承认的最不发达国家，只需在
5、它们各自发展、财政和贸易需要的范围内以及其行政管理的能力内作出承诺和减让。,第十二条 加入 1任何国家或在对外贸易关系以及本协议和多边贸易协议所规定的事务方面享有充分自治的单独关税地区，可以在它和WTO议定的条件下，加入本协议。这种加入适用于本协议及所附的多边贸易协议。 2加入应由部长会议作出决定，部长会议应经WTO成员2/3多数同意 3加入某个诸边贸易协议，从该协议规定。,3、国际组织成员的权利和义务 4、会籍的丧失 退出：例如，美国在1993年推出国际咖啡组织。 如果基本文件没有规定退出的问题，则退出是否合法？ 组织的驱逐； 成员国本身不复存在； 组织本身不复存在。,二、准会员 表决权、选
6、举权和被选举权。 三、部分会员 四、联系会员 非主权领土或非政府组织，如香港是国际海事组织的联系会员。,五、观察员 非成员国、民族解放组织、非政府间国际组织、个人都可以成为观察员。 联合国经社理事会,第三节 国际组织的法律地位,一、国际组织的国际人格 1、理论来源： 授权说； 暗含权力说。 1949年国际法院关于赔偿案的规定，采用两种学说。 从中可以总结出国际组织法律人格的标准： 一种由各国组成的具有合法目的、配备了各种机构的常设组织； 国际组织与成员国在法律权力和宗旨方面有区别； 存在于国际层面的法律权力。 2、权利的派生性,二、国际组织的对外权利能力和行为能力 对外关系的对象：国家、政府间
7、国际组织。 1、缔约权 国际习惯法； 无论组织文件中是否含有缔约权的规定； 1986年关于国家和国际组织或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约； 一般称为协定。,2、对外交往权/使节权 消极使节权：接受 积极使节权：派遣,中国常驻联合国大使王光亚,3、承认与被承认的权利 承认： 国际组织一般是通过接纳成员国或观察员、订立协定或邀请参加组织的会议等方式，来承认一个国家、政府、领土主权、民族解放运动或其他国际组织的。 但是国际组织的承认并不构成集体承认。 对于有关政府的承认，通过接受政府提交的全权证书的形式。 被承认：,4、国际求偿能力和国际责任 国际求偿权： 1949年关于赔偿案的咨询意见：当联合国
8、人员执行公务时受到损害，联合国有权以自己的名义就该组织受害人员或其继承人受到的损害，向法律上和事实上的政府提出索赔的请求。 国际责任,5、继承权 组织职能的继承； 法律行为的继承； 财产的继承。 6、召集会议的能力 7、其他权利,三、国际组织的特权与豁免 1、法律根据 国际组织基本文件： 联合国宪章第104条、105条 多边条约： 1946年联合国特权与豁免公约 1947年联合国专门机构特权与豁免公约 1973年关于防止和惩处侵害应受国际保护人员包括外交代表的罪行的公约,双边条约 国内法： 英国国际组织（特权与豁免）法 美国国际组织法 我国如何规定？,2、内容 国际组织本身的特权与豁免 UN
9、WTO IMF & World Bank 国际组织职员的特权与豁免 以为独立执行职务所必需为限度 常驻代表团的特权与豁免 国际组织与会人员的特权与豁免,第四节 国际组织的机构与职能,一、议事与决策机构 大会、代表大会、全体会议； 二、执行与主管机构 理事会、董事会、委员会、执行局等； 三、行政与管理机构 秘书处 四、辅助与工作机构 五、司法机构,讨论： 世界贸易组织的机构设置。,第五节 国际组织的议事规则,一、一般规则 1、会议 常会/特别会议 2、议程 3、代表团 4、全权证书 5、会议主席及总务委员会 6、语言和记录 7、会议的公开性问题 8、辅助委员会,二、决策程序 1、动议的提出 2、
10、文本的起草与讨论 3、提案的表决 4、决定的生效与终止,三、表决制度 1、一国一票一致同意制度； 2、一国一票多数表决制； 3、一国数票的加权表决制； 4、协商一致制度；,第六节 联合国体系/The United Nations System,一、背景 国联/The League of Nations，1919 二战 联合国宪章,序言,我联合国人民同兹决心 欲免后世再遭今代人类两度身历惨不堪言之战祸， 重申基本人权，人格尊严与价值，以及男女与大小各国平等权利之信念， 创造适当环境，俾克维持正义，尊重由条约与国际法其他渊源而起之义务，久而弗懈， 促成大自由中之社会进步及较善之民生， 并为达此目的
11、 力行容恕，彼此以善邻之道，和睦相处， 集中力量，以维持国际和平及安全， 接受原则，确立方法，以保证非为公共利益，不得使用武力， 运用国际机构，以促成全球人民经济及社会之进展， 用是发愤立志，务当同心协力，以竟厥功。 爰由我各本国政府，经齐集金山市之代表各将所奉全权证书，互相校阅，均属妥善，议定本联合国宪章，并设立国际组织，定名联合国。,WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINEDto save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime
12、 has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from tr
13、eaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,AND FOR THESE ENDSto practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and to unite our strength to maintain international p
14、eace and security, and to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OU
15、R EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an inter
16、national organization to be known as the United Nations.,二、宗旨和原则 1、宗旨： 维持国际和平与安全； 方法：采取有效集体办法、以防止且消除对于和平之威胁，制止侵略行为或其他和平之破坏；并以 和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则，调整或解决足以破坏和平之国际 争端或情势。 发展国家间的友好关系： 尊重人民平等权利及自决原则 国际合作： 解决国际间属于经济、社会、文化、及人 类福利性质之国际问题，且不分种族、性别、语言、或宗教、增进并 激励对于全体人类之人权及基本自由之尊重。 作为协调各国行动的中心,The Purposes of the U
17、nited Nations are: To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in c
18、onformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace; To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples
19、, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace; To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all
20、without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends,2、七项基本原则,各会员国主权平等 各会员国应善意履行宪章义务 各会员国应以和平方法解决其国际争端 各会员国不得使用威胁或武力，或以与联合 国宗旨不符之任何其他方法，侵害任何会员国或国家之领土完整或政 治独立。,各会员国对于联合国依宪章规定而采取的行动，应尽力予 以协助，联合国对于任何
21、国家正在采取防止或执行行动时，各会员国 对该国不得给予协助。 保证非联合 国会员国遵行上述原则。 联合国不得干涉在本质上属于任何国家国内 管辖之事件,Article 2 The Organization and its Members, in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following Principles. The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all it
22、s Members. All Members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter.,All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner th
23、at international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered. All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the Unit
24、ed Nations. All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter, and shall refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action.,The Organization shall ensure that
25、states which are not Members of the United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security. Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially wit
26、hin the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter Vll.,二、联合国的主要机关,大会 安理会 经社理事会 托管理事会 国际法院 秘书处,There are established as th
27、e principal organs of the United Nations: a General Assembly a Security Council an Economic and Social Council a Trusteeship Council an International Court of Justice and a Secretariat.,1、大会 全体会员国组成； 一国一票； 及2/3表决权； 广泛的职权，讨论及建议权，但安理会正在审议的除外； 七个委员会。,COMPOSITION Article 9： The General Assembly shall co
28、nsist of all the Members of the United Nations. Each Member shall have not more than five representatives in the General Assembly,FUNCTIONS and POWERS Article 10 The General Assembly may discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functi
29、ons of any organs provided for in the present Charter, and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations to the Members of the United Nations or to the Security Council or to both on any such questions or matters.,Article 11 The General Assembly may consider the general principles of c
30、o-operation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments, and may make recommendations with regard to such principles to the Members or to the Security Council or to both. The General Assembly may discuss any q
31、uestions relating to the maintenance of international peace and security brought before it by any Member of the United Nations, or by the Security Council, or by a state which is not a Member of the United Nations in accordance with Article 35, paragraph 2, and, except as provided in Article 12, may
32、 make recommendations with regard to any such questions to the state or states concerned or to the Security Council or to both. Any such question on which action is necessary shall be referred to the Security Council by the General Assembly either before or after discussion. The General Assembly may
33、 call the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and security. The powers of the General Assembly set forth in this Article shall not limit the general scope of Article 10.,Article 12 While the Security Council is exercising in respect of any
34、 dispute or situation the functions assigned to it in the present Charter, the General Assembly shall not make any recommendation with regard to that dispute or situation unless the Security Council so requests. The Secretary-General, with the consent of the Security Council, shall notify the Genera
35、l Assembly at each session of any matters relative to the maintenance of international peace and security which are being dealt with by the Security Council and shall similarly notify the General Assembly, or the Members of the United Nations if the General Assembly is not in session, immediately th
36、e Security Council ceases to deal with suchmatters.,Article 13 The General Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of: a. promoting international co-operation in the political field and encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification
37、; b. promoting international co-operation in the economic, social, cultural, educational, and health fields, and assisting in the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. The further responsibilities, functions and power
38、s of the General Assembly with respect to matters mentioned in paragraph 1 (b) above are set forth in Chapters IX and X.,Article 14 Subject to the provisions of Article 12, the General Assembly may recommend measures for the peaceful adjustment of any situation, regardless of origin, which it deems
39、likely to impair the general welfare or friendly relations among nations, including situations resulting from a violation of the provisions of the present Charter setting forth the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations.,Article 15 The General Assembly shall receive and consider annual and sp
40、ecial reports from the Security Council; these reports shall include an account of the measures that the Security Council has decided upon or taken to maintain international peace and security. The General Assembly shall receive and consider reports from the other organs of the United Nations.,Artic
41、le 16 The General Assembly shall perform such functions with respect to the international trusteeship system as are assigned to it under Chapters XII and XIII, including the approval of the trusteeship agreements for areas not designated as strategic.,Article 17 The General Assembly shall consider a
42、nd approve the budget of the Organization. The expenses of the Organization shall be borne by the Members as apportioned by the General Assembly. The General Assembly shall consider and approve any financial and budgetary arrangements with specialized agencies referred to in Article 57 and shall exa
43、mine the administrative budgets of such specialized agencies with a view to making recommendations to the agencies concerned.,VOTING Article 18 Each member of the General Assembly shall have one vote. Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority of
44、the members present and voting. These questions shall include: recommendations with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security, the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the election of the members of the Economic and Social Council, the election of membe
45、rs of the Trusteeship Council in accordance with paragraph 1 (c) of Article 86, the admission of new Members to the United Nations, the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership, the expulsion of Members, questions relating to the operation of the trusteeship system, and budgetary questi
46、ons. Decisions on other questions, including the determination of additional categories of questions to be decided by a two-thirds majority, shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting.,Article 19 A Member of the United Nations which is in arrears in the payment of its financial co
47、ntributions to the Organization shall have no vote in the General Assembly if the amount of its arrears equals or exceeds the amount of the contributions due from it for the preceding two full years. The General Assembly may, nevertheless, permit such a Member to vote if it is satisfied that the fai
48、lure to pay is due to conditions beyond the control of the Member.,PROCEDUREArticle 20 The General Assembly shall meet in regular annual sessions and in such special sessions as occasion may require. Special sessions shall be convoked by the Secretary-General at the request of the Security Council o
49、r of a majority of the Members of the United Nations.,Article 21 The General Assembly shall adopt its own rules of procedure. It shall elect its President for each session. Article 22 The General Assembly may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions
50、.,2007年，中国的会费及维和摊款比额大幅上升，共需缴纳联合国会费等各项摊款达2.7亿美元，较2006年增长42%，大大增加了全年的财政负担尽管如此，中国克服各种困难，及时缴纳了2007年全年的联合国会费摊款54,375,989美元、前南及卢旺达两个国际刑庭的摊款8,432,306美元及联合国基本建设总计划摊款10,357,328美元。中国政府还为向苏丹、利比里亚等派遣的维和部队垫付了超过5,000万美元的装备等费用。中国政府正在积极筹措经费，并将于年底前缴纳2007年尚未缴纳的大部分维和摊款。 截止10月31日，共有126个会员国全额缴纳了会费；92个会员国全额缴纳了两个国际刑庭的摊款，23个会员国全额缴纳了维和行动经费。正常预算未缴款达8.36亿美元，两个国际刑庭未缴款达0.64亿美元，维和未缴款达34.92亿美元,基本建设总计划未缴款达1.5亿美元。,
