1、英语构词法,英语构词法主要有三种：转化、合成与派生。,英语构词法种类,另外还有截短、缩合等。,1. 转化 : 是指有一种词类转化为另一种词类。,water n. 水 - water vt. 浇水,常见的转化形式两种： 动词 - 名词 名词 - 动词,动词-名词stop vt. 停止 - n.车站 love vt. 爱 - n. 爱 Watch vt. 观看 - n. 手表 record vt. 录音 - n. 纪录 comb vt. 梳理(头发) - n. 梳子 abuse vt. 辱骂 - n. 辱骂,名词 - 动词 hand n. 手 - vt. 上交 seat n. 座位 - vt. 坐
2、 nurse n. 护士 - vt. 护理 oil n. 油 - vt. 上油 time n. 时间 - vt. 定时，测时 shoulder n. 肩膀 - vt. 肩负,mine n. 矿山 - vt. 开矿 barbecue n. 烧烤-vt. 在烤架上烤 ship n. 船 - vt. 用船装运 finance n. 金融- vt. 为提供资金 stain n. 污点,污迹 - vt. 玷污，污染 draft n. 草稿 - vt. 起草 head n. 头 - v. 前进 transport n. 运输 - vt. 运输,副词 - 动词down adv. 向下 - v. 放下副词 -
3、 名词 nowhere adv. 任何地方都不 - n. 无处，无名的地方,形容词 - 名词freezing adj. 冰冻的 - n. 冰点solid adj. 固体的,坚实的- n. 固体,数词 - 动词second num. 第二 - v. 赞成 - n. 秒,2. 合成 : 有两个或更多的词合成一个词。class 班级 + room 房间 = classroom 教室,warm + heart + ed = warmhearted 热心肠的 good + looking = good-looking 相貌好看的,hard + working = hard-working 勤劳的 pea
4、ce-loving爱好和平的 state-owned国有的 well-known知名的(It is well-known that ready-mades现成的 bloodthirsty 嗜杀的,3. 派生 : 是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。,happy - unhappy develop - development,前缀一般只引起意思上的变化而不造成词类的变化，只有少数能引起词类的变化。,mis- 错误的 + understand v. 理解- misunderstand v. 误解,en + large adj. 大的 - enlarge v. 扩大,后缀一般只引起词性上的变化
5、而不造成意思的变化。,care v. 照料 - careful adj. 细心的 work v. 工作 - worker n. 工人,常见的前缀,(A)表示否定的前缀：un-unfair,unhappynon-nonsmoker(常用在n. adj. adv. 前)in-inactive, inhuman, indirect (常用在adj.后)dis-disagree,disappearim-impolite,impossible(用在b,p,m 开头的词前)il-illegalir-irreal, irregular,(B).表示错误或失当的前缀:mis-misjudge, misdire
6、ct(误导)(C).表示向背的前缀:pro-(亲，支持)pro-Chinese, pro-Americananti-（阻止，抗）antiwar, anti-Japanese war,(D).表示程度、大小的前缀 super-superstar,supermarket, superman, superpower over-overhead, overeat, overuse mini-minibus, miniskirt, mini-car under-（在下面，不足）underground, under-develop semi-(半，部分)semicircle, semiskilled, s
7、emi-steel,(E).表示时间的前缀pre-prewarpost-postwarfore-(前，预先)foretell, forecast, foresee, weather forecast,(F).表示方位的前缀：sub-（下面）subway, submarineinter-（在 之间，相互）international, intercity, interclasstrans-(横过，通过，超越，进入)translate, transatlantic,常见的后缀,1.动词变名词： -ationsatisfaction, education, realization -mentdevel
8、opment, movement, disappointment,-alarrival, refusal -eetrainee, employee -erteacher, worker -orvisitor, sailor,2.形容词变名词-nesshappiness, meanness, carelessness -ityability, possibility -ismMarxism, criticism,3.名词变形容词： -ywindy, rainy, sandy -ishfoolish, feverish -somehandsome, troublesome -ousdangerou
9、s, humorous -fulhelpful, careful, peaceful,3. 名词、形容词变动词： -ifybeautify, simplify -izerealize -enquicken, widen, sharpen,但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义： Kingdom: “职位、状态” freedom Boyhood: “身份，资格” childhood Friendship:情态状态性质身份职业技巧技能” leadership, hardship Spoonful：构成名词mouthful(满口,一口),handful(一把),4. 截短 : 是指用截头取尾的方法构成
10、新词。telephone - phoneinfluenza - flu. 流行性感冒,5. 缩合 : 是指把两个或两个以上的词各取一部分合在一起构成一个新单词。,smoke and fog - smog 烟雾 Test of English as a foreign language TOEFL 托福 International English language test system - IELTS 雅思,find +宾语+宾补,find the door open (adj.) find him sitting by the window(-ing) find the wall paint
11、ed (P.P) find himself in the hospital(prep.phrase),It was early morning when I got home. It was in the early morning that I got home. Was it in the early morning that you got home? When was it that you got home?,It is I who/ that am going to be sent there to help them,当被强调的是not.until句型时,应将not置于until
12、之前,主句由否定句改为肯定句。,It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.,It was her that told me about it.It was she that told me about it.It is I who the teacher has punishedIt is me whom the teacher has punished.,强调句,It is/was+that It is he that/who wants to go instead of you. It was 2:00 when th
13、ey left. It was at 2:00 that they left. It was because he was late that he was scolded. It was in the street that he was knocked down.,5.Id like a pen which _ well. Will this one _? A. writes； do B. writes； work C. is written； do D. is written； work,6.Can you finish the writing on time? _. A. Never
14、mind B. With pleasure C. No problem D. All right,7.When _ we meet again? _ it any time you like. A. will； Do B. will； Make C. shall； Do D. shall； Make,8. Look! There are lots of _ birds flying over the trees. A. funny red little B. funny little red C. little funny red D. little red funny,好美小高状其新， 颜色
15、国料特别亲。,good/beautiful/small(little)/tall/round (interesting)/new red/nationality/wood/,9. They couldnt eat in a restaurant because _ of them had _ money on them. A. all； no B. any； no C. none； any D. no one； any,10.Shall we meet right now? Sorry. Im too busy to _ for the moment. A. get through B. ge
16、t away C. get off D. get together,get away（1) 逃脱 (2) 开始，出发；离开；出去旅行或休假 (3) 使离去；移走；送走,Get off (1) 下去，下来；下（公共汽车、火车、飞机等），下（马等） (2) 出发，离去；起飞；起跑 (3) 寄出；发出 (4) 脱掉；除去，摆脱 (5) 免受伤害、灾祸或损失 (6) 学会，记熟,Get together(1) 收集，积聚 (2) 聚集在一处，会集；召集，集拢,Get through(1) 通过；使通过 (2) 打通（尤指电话）,11. _ is known to all，good friends _
17、happiness and value to life. A. It； add B. As； add C. It； add up D. As； add to,add up 总计，总共 add to 增加add to 加到,That will only add to our difficulties. 那只会增加我们的困难。 Add up 6,7 and 8 and youll get 21. 把六、七、八相加，总数是二十一。,12. Mr. Green left _ suddenly _ he came. A. so； that B. so； as C. as； that D. as； as,
18、13. Good food，not _，thats how one gets fat. A. enough exercises B. exercises enough C. enough exercise D. exercise enough,exercise vi. 锻炼，运动 She should exercise more. They dont exercise enough. My grandfather exercised and became healthier. vt. 练习 We should exercise our legs. He is exercising himsel
19、f in dancing.,n. (不可数) 运动，锻炼 I should take more exercise. Exercise is good for old people. n. (可数) 操练，学习中的练习题 Students in this school do eye exercises twice a day. We do morning exercises every day. There are seven math exercises to do.,14. It was the very place _ the soldiersfought over sixty years ago. A. that B. which C. where D. there,15.What about _ job? Its too difficult _ job for me. A. the； a B. the； the C. a； the D. a； a,
