1、Academic Writing in English,Presenting Others Critical Opinions Quotation, Paraphrase and Summary,Integrated Quotations,If a prose quotation runs no more than four lines, put it in quotation marks and incorporate it into the text: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,” wrote Charles
2、Dickens of the eighteenth century. You need not always reproduce complete sentences. Sometimes you may want to quote just a word or phrase as part of your sentence: For Charles Dickens the eighteenth century was both “the best of times” and “the worst times.”,Place of Integrated Quotations,You may p
3、ut a quotation at the beginning, middle, or end of your sentence or, for the sake of variety or better style, divide it by your words: Joseph Conrad writes of the company manager in Heart of Darkness, “He was obeyed, yet he inspired neither love nor fear, nor even respect.” or “He was obeyed,” write
4、s Joseph Conrad of the company manager in Heart of Darkness, “yet he inspired neither love nor fear, nor even respect.”,Citations,If a quotation ending a sentence requires a parenthetical reference, place the sentence period after the reference: For Charles Dickens the eighteenth century was both “t
5、he best of times” and “the worst times” (35). “He was obeyed,” writes Joseph Conrad of the company manager in Heart of Darkness, “yet he inspired neither love nor fear, nor even respect” (87).,Set off Quotations,If a quotation runs to more than four lines in your paper, set it off from your text by
6、beginning a new line, indenting one inch from the left margin, and typing it double-spaced, without adding quotation marks.At the conclusion of Lord of the Flies, Ralph and the other boys realize the horror of their actions: The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now
7、for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by the emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. (186),If you need to quote two or m
8、ore paragraphs, indent the first line of each paragraph and additional quarter inch. If the first sentence quoted does not begin a paragraph in the source, however, do not indent it the additional amount. Indent only the first lines of the successive paragraphs.In Moll Flanders Defoe maintains the p
9、seudoautobiographical narration typical of the picaresque tradition:My true name is so well known in the records, or registers, at Newgate and in the Old Bailey, and there are some things of such consequence still depending there relating to my particular conduct, that it is not to be expected I sho
10、uld set my name or the account of my family to this work .It is enough to tell you, that . . . some of my worst comrades, who are out of the way of doing me harm . . . know me by the name of Moll Flanders . . . (1),Omitting Materials,To distinguish between your ellipses and the spaced periods that s
11、ometimes appear in works, place square brackets around the ellipsis points that you add. Leave a space before the second and the third periods but no space before the first or after the third. Whenever you omit words from a quotation, the resulting passageyour prose and the quotation integrated into
12、 itshould be grammatically complete and correct:,In surveying various responses to plagues in the Middle Ages, Barbara W. Tuchman writes, “Medical thinking . . . stressed air as the communicator of disease, ignoring sanitation or visible carriers” (101-02). In surveying various responses to plagues
13、in the Middle Ages, Barbara W. Tuchman writes, “Medical thinking, trapped in the theory of astral influences, stressed air as the communicator of disease . . .” In surveying various responses to plagues in the Middle Ages, Barbara W. Tuchman writes, “Medical thing, trapped in the theory of astral in
14、fluences, stressed air as the communicator of disease . . .” (101-02).,Omitting a Sentence,In discussing the historical relation between politics and the press, William L. Rivers notes, “Presidential control reached its zenith under Andrew Jackson, the extent of whose attention to the press even bef
15、ore he became a candidate is suggested by the fact that he subscribed to twenty newspapers. . . . For a time, the United States Telegraph and the Washington Globe were almost equally favored as party organs, and there were fifty-seven journalists on the government payroll” (7).,In discussing the his
16、torical relation between politics and the press, William L. Rivers notes, “Presidential control reached its zenith under Andrew Jackson . . . For a time, the United States Telegraph and the Washington Globe were almost equally favored as party organs, and there were fifty-seven journalists on the go
17、vernment payroll” (7).,In discussing the historical relation between politics and the press, William L. Rivers notes, “Presidential control reached its zenith under Andrew Jackson, . . . there were fifty-seven journalists on the government payroll” (7).,Changes Made to the Original,Occasionally, you
18、 may decide that a quotation will be unclear or confusing to your reader unless you provide supplementary information. For example, you may need to insert material missing from the original, to add sic to assure readers that the quotation is accurate even though the spelling or logic might make them
19、 think otherwise, or to underline words for emphasis,Shaw admitted, “Nothing can extinguish my interest in Shakespear” (sic). Lincoln specifically advocated a government “for the people” (emphasis added).,A comment or an explanation that goes inside the quotation must appear within square brackets,
20、not parentheses. He claimed he could provide “hundreds of examples of court decisions to illustrate the historical tension between church and state.” Miltons Satan speaks of his “study pursuit of revenge.” Why she would hang on him Hamlets father As if increase of appetite had grown By what it fed o
21、n . . .,Punctuation with Quotations,Whether set off from the text or run into it, quoted material is usually preceded by a colon if the quotation is formally introduced and by a comma or no punctuation if the quotation is an integral part of the sentence structure:,Shelly held a bold view: “Poets ar
22、e the unacknowledged legislators of the World” (794). Shelley thought poets “the unacknowledged legislators of the World” (794). “Poets,” according to Shelley, “are the unacknowledged legislators of the World” (794).,Double/Single Quotation Marks,Use double quotation marks around quotations incorpor
23、ated into the text, single quotation marks around quotations with those quotations: In “Memories of West Street and Lepke,” Robert Lowell recounts meeting a Jehovahs Witness in prison: “Are you a C. O.? I asked a fellow jailbird./No, he answered, Im a J.W.” (38-39).,Place of Punctuations,If the quot
24、ation ends with a question mark or an exclamation point, however, the original punctuation is retained, and no comma is required: “How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavored to form?” wonders the doctor in M
25、ary Shelleys Frankenstein (42). “What a wonderful little almanac your are, Celia!” Dorothea Brooke responds to her sister (7).,Semicolons, colons, question marks, and exclamation points except when they are part of the quoted material: Original: I believe taxation without representation is tyranny!
26、Quotations: He attacked “taxation without representation” (32). Did he attack “taxation without representation”? What dramatic events flowed his attack on “taxation without representation”! but He declared, “I believe taxation without representation is tyranny!”,If a quotation ending with a question
27、 mark or an exclamation point concludes your sentence and requires a parenthetical reference, retain the original punctuation within the quotation mark and follow with the reference and the sentence period outside the quotation mark: In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, the doctor wonders, “How can I desc
28、ribe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavored to form?” (42). Dorothea Brooke responds to her sister, “What a wonderful little almanac you are, Celia!” (7).,Parenthetical Documentation,When Works Cited contains only one work
29、 by the author cited, you need give only the authors last name to identify the work (provided the author is not mentioned in your sentence/paragraph): (Patterson 183-85). If your list contains more than one author with the same last name, you must add the first initial: (A. Patterson 183-85). If two
30、 or three names begin the entry, give the last name of each person listed: (Rabkin, Greenberg, and Olander vii).,If the work has more than three authors, give the first authors last name followed by et al., without any intervening punctuation: (Lauter et al. 2425-33) or give all the last names. If t
31、here is a corporate author, use its name, shortened or in full. If the work is listed by title, use the title, shortened or in full. If the list contains more than one work by the author, add the cited tile, shortened or in full, after the authors last name: (Frye, Anatomy 237).,Sample Parenthetical
32、 Documentations,Tannen has argued this point (178-85). This point has already been argued (Tannen 178-85) Others, like Jakobson and Waugh (210-15), hold the opposite point of view. Others hold the opposite point of view (e.g., Jakobson and Waugh 210-15). Only Daiches has seen this relation (2: 776-7
33、7). Only Daiches has seen this relation (Daiches 2: 776-77),If you are citing an entire work, there is no need to provide parenthetical documentation: McRaes The Literature of Science includes many examples of this trend. Gilbert and Gubar broke new ground on the subject.,If you are citing part of a
34、 work, parenthetical documentation is necessary: Brian Taves suggests some interesting conclusions regarding the philosophy and politics of the adventure film (153-54, 171). The anthology by Lauter and his coeditors contains Stowes “Sojourner Truth, the Libyan Sibyl” (2524-33). In Handberrys play A
35、Raisin in the Sun, the rejection of Lindners tempting offer permits Walters family to pursue the new life they had long dreamed about (274-75). Between 1968 and 1988, television coverge of presidential elections changed dramatically (Hallin 5).,Citing Volume and Page Numbers of a Multivolume Work,An
36、 entire work: Between the years 1945 and 1972, the political-party system in the United States underwent profound changes (Schlesinger, vol. 4). Part of a work: The anthology by Lauter and his coeditors contains both Stowes “Sojourner Truth, the Libyan Sibyl” (1: 2425-33) and gilmans “The Yellow Wal
37、l-Paper” (2: 800-12) Wellek admits in the middle of his multivolume history of modern literary criticism, “An evolutionary history of criticism must fail. I have come to this resigned conclusion” (5: xxii),Citing a Work Listed by Title,International espionage was as prevalent as ever in the 1990s (“
38、Decade”). A New York Times editorial called Ralph Ellison “a writer of universal reach” (“Death”) A presidential commission reported in 1970 that recent campus protests had focused on “racial injustice, war and the university itself” (Report 3).,citing a work by a corporate author,According to a stu
39、dy sponsored by the National Research Council, the population of china around 1990 was increasing by more than fifteen million annually (15).,Citing Two or More Works by the Same Author or Authors,To Will and Ariel Durant, creative men and women make “history forgivable by enriching out heritage and
40、 our lives” (Dual Autobiography 406). However, you can avoid doing so by including the tile of the work in your text: In The Age of Voltaire, the Durants portray eighteenth-century England as a minor force in the world of music and art (214-48).,Citing Indirect Sources,Whenever you can, take materia
41、l from the original source, not a secondhand one. Sometimes, however, only an indirect source is availablefor example, someones published account of anothers spoken remarks. If what you quote or paraphrase is itself a quotation, put the abbreviation qtd. in before the indirect source you cite in you
42、r parenthetical reference: Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).,Citing More Than One Work in a Single Parenthetical Reference,(Kaku 42; McRae 101-33) (Rabkin, Greenberg, and Olander vii; Boyle 96-125) (Gilbert and Guber, Madwoman 1-25; Murphy
43、 39-52) (Gilbert and Guber, Norton; Manning) (Lauter et al., vol. 1; Crane),Keep in mind, however, that a long parenthetical reference such as the following example may prove intrusive and disconcerting to your reader: (Taylor A1; Moulthrop, pars. 39-53; Armstrong, Yang, and Cuneo 80-82; Craner 308-
44、11; Kaku 42; Frank; Alston). Instead, it can be changed into a note: 2 For a sampling of materials that reflect the range of experiences related to recent techonological changes, see Taylor A1; Moulthrop, pars. 39-53; Armstrong, Yang, and Cuneo 80-82; Craner 308-11; Kaku 42; Frank; and Alston.,2. Pa
45、raphrase,Paraphrase is the point-by-point recapitulation of another persons ideas, expressed in your own words. There are two major reasons for using paraphrase in your essays. First, use paraphrase to present ideas or evidence whenever there is no special reason for using a direct quotation. Many o
46、f your sources will not have sufficient authority or a distinctive enough style to justify your quoting their words. Second, use paraphrase to give your readers an accurate and comprehensive account of ideas taken from a sourceideas that you intend to explain, interpret, or disagree with in your ess
47、ay.,In a good paraphrase, the sentences and the vocabulary do not duplicate those of the original. You cannot merely substitute synonyms for key words and leave the sentences otherwise unchanged; that is plagiarism in spirit, if not in fact; nor does word-for-word substitution really demonstrate tha
48、t you have understood the ideas. A good paraphrase makes sense by itself; it is coherent and readable, without requiring reference to the original essay. In short, a paraphrase must be accurate, complete, written in your own voice and make sense by itself.,An Example,Original version: It is not, the
49、refore, necessary for a prince to have good faith and integrity, but it is very necessary to seem to have them. I would even be bold to say that to possess them and always to observe them is dangerous, but to appear to possess them is useful. Paraphrase: It is more important for a ruler to give the
50、impression of goodness than to be good. In fact, real goodness can be a liability, but the pretense is always very effective.,Another Example,Original version: The family by its very nature is a means of raising children, but this fact should not blind us to the important change that occurred when c
51、hild-rearing ceased to be simply one of many activities and became the central concernone is tempted to say the central obsessionof family life. This development had to wait for the recognition of the child as a distinctive kind of person, more impressionable and hence more vulnerable than adults, to be treated in a special manner befitting his peculiar requirements.,
