1、PSYC 1200 Chapter 15 Review,Stressor- situations that place strong demands on ppl. stress: a pattern of cognitive appraisal, physiological response & behavioural tendencies that occurs in response to a perceived imbalance btw situational demands & resources need to cope with them. Greater the imbala
2、nce btw demands & resources, greater the stress result. Characteristics of stressor: intensity/duration/predictability/ controllability/ chronicit Life event scales: used to measure quantify he amount of life stress that a person had experienced over a given period of time.,Types of Stressor,Microst
3、ressor: daily hassles & everyday annoyances Catastrophic events: occur unexpectedly & affect large number of ppl Major negative events: serious endangered life events,Stress Response,4 aspects of appraisal process: Appraisal of demand (primary: situation as being neutral, irrelevant or threatening &
4、 the significance) Appraisal the resource available to cope (secondary: your perceived ability to deal with the situation) Judge the consequence (seriousness & likelihood to happen) Appraisal of personal meaning (related to your basal belief about yourself & the world) * As soon as we make an apprai
5、sal, our bodies react to it.,General Adaptation Syndrome,A physiological response pattern to strong and prolonged stressors. There are 3 phases of GAS.,Phase 1: Alarm Reaction,Occurs b/c of sudden activation of the sympathetic nervous system & release of stress hormones. Increasing heart rate, blood
6、 pressure, slower digestion, dilate pupil etc. Adrenal gland release cortisol (increase blood sugar level, decrease immune system function) Increase ability to confront the source of stress or retreat from it.,Phase 2: Resistance,Stressor prolongs so although parasympathetic nervous system tries to
7、bring back to homeostasis, the body remains on alert. Release of epinephrine, nonepinephrine & cortisol to maintain increased arousal. But bodys resources are being depleted.,Phase 3: Exhaustion,Bodys resources are dangerously depleted. Increase vulnerability to disease, collapse & even death Adrena
8、l gland loses ability to function normally.,Stress and Health,Psychological Aspect: long-lasting psychological symptoms in ppl experience traumatic events Rape trauma syndrome: rxn of women who experienced rape, which victims feel nervous & fear another attack by the rapist, decrease enjoyment of se
9、x. Stress & distress are intercausal. The personality trait such as neuroticism may cause both stress event & distress,Stress and Health,Post-traumatic stress disorder: severe anxiety disorder that is caused by exposure to traumatic life events, to severe stress.Symptoms: Severe anxiety, physiologic
10、al arousal & distress Emotional numbing & avoidance of associated stimuli Intense survivor guilt,Stress and Health,Stress & Illness Stress can combine w other physical & psychological factors & cause illness whether its chronic disease or a common cold. Physiological response to stressor can directl
11、y harm other body system (ex. Hormones secreted by adrenal gland affect heart & damage lining of arteries), Also cause disease by decreasing immune system. Cortisol can affect the brain & cause deterioration of hippocampus accompany memory impairment Stress causes ppl to behave in ways to increase r
12、isk of illness.,Vulnerability and Protective Factors,Vulnerability factor: factors that increase ppls susceptibility to stressful events. (ex. Lack of support, poor coping skill, tendency to become pessimistic etc.) Protective factor: environmental or personal resources that help ppl cope more effec
13、tively w stressful events.,Type of Protective factor,Social support Enhance immune system functioning Increase sense of identity & meaning of ppls lives, therefore increase physical wellbeing Reduce risk to exposure to risk factors Purge emotions lead to psychological health,Cognitive protective fac
14、tor,Hardiness: form of 3 beliefs that constituted a stress protective factor commitment: believe what theyre doing is important Control: have control over their outcomes *most important Challenge: appraise demands of situations as challenge & opportunities,Cognitive protective factor,Coping self-eff
15、icacy: conviction that we can perform the behaviour necessary to cope successfully Can be strengthened by sucessful previous experience, observation of others success, lower level of physical arousal. Optimism: have a positive view of future, result less distress and more happiness Meaning in stress
16、ful life event: religious belief - less distress increasing well-being,Cognitive protective factor,Personality factor Type A: characterized by high level of competitiveness & ambition, as well as aggressiveness & hostility when things get in their ways - more stress, more chance of heart disease Typ
17、e B: more relaxed, more agreeable, have far less sense of time urgency. Type C: highly sociable & nice ppl who are very inhibited in expressing negative emotions - risk of cancer Big 5 personality: conscientiousness - physical health & longevity,Protective Factor: Physiological Reactivity,Physiologi
18、cal toughness: relations btw epinephrine nonepinephrine and corticosteroids . Since the arousal caused by cortisol lasts much longer, it causes more damage. 2 components: 1) low resting lvl of cortisol & low lvl of cortisol in stress response. 2) low resting lvl of e&n but quick & strong e&n respons
19、e when stressor occurs Max short-term mobilization of resources & prevent GAS 3rd stage Can be increase by exercise,Cope with Stress,Problem-focused coping: attempt to confront & deal directly w demands of situation, or change situation so its not stressful. Emotion-focused coping: attempt to manage
20、 emotional response result from stress. (less effective b/c may result denial or other negative strategies. However in situation that can not be controlled, this is a better strategy) Seeking social support: turn to others for assistance & emotional support in time of stress.,Health Psychology,Studi
21、es psychological & behavioural factors in prevention & treatment of illness and in maintenance of health. Health-enhancing behaviourex. Exercise: moderate & aerobic is the best Health-compromising behaviourex. Weight-control by yo-yo dieting results big up-and-down weight fluctuation.- Prevention: e
22、ducation, motivation, provide guidelines, support & encouragement.,Transtheoretical model,model that identify 6 major stages in change process. precontemplation-contemplation-preparation-action-maintenance( in control for 6 months without relapse)-termination Ppl can move forward & backward through
23、stages. Can help psychologists to design stage-matched interventions for ppl,Substance Abuse,Psychological approach (* most effective: cognitive-behavioural approach): Motivational interview: leads the person to his own conclusion by asking questions that focus on discrepancies btw current state & o
24、nes ideal self-image, desired behaviours & desired outcomes. Multimodal treatment approach: often include biological measures together w psychological measures (ex. Aversion therapy, relaxation & stress management training, self-monitoring, coping & social skill training, family consoling) Harm Redu
25、ction: prevention strategy that is designed not to eliminate a behaviour but rather to reduce harmful effects of the behaviour when it occurs,Psychological approach: Relapse Prevention,Ppl tend to relapse (a return to undesirable behavioural pattern) following by a lapse (a one-time slip) when confr
26、onted high-risk situation. Ppl who do not have good coping skill & low self-efficacy will allow to perform undesirable behaviours. A lapse will followed by abstinence violation effect (the person becomes upset & self-blaming over failure to remain abstinent & view lapse as proof that he would never
27、be strong enough to resist temptation). Therefore ppl are at great risk of abandoning attempt to change. Prevention teaches ppl to see lapse as when current coping skill is not enough to meet the event so ppl learn skill from the lapse & move on,Pain Management,Biological Mechanisms of Pain Gate con
28、trol theory: experience of pain results from opening & closing of gating mechanisms in nervous system. Thin fiber causes sharp pain and thick fiber causes dull pain Pain depends on ratio of thin-to-thick fiber transmission. So increasing thick fiber nerve impulse decreases thin fiber opening and dec
29、reases pain.,Biological Mechanisms of Pain,Endorphin: pain killing hormones in brain that inhibit neurotransmitter involved in pain impulse. Ppl differ in pain simulation b/c of # or receptor for endorphin to bind and ability to release endorphin. Stress-induced analgesia: a reduction or absence of
30、pain that occurs under stressful condition,Cultural & Psychological Influence on Pain,Cultural factor: beliefs alter pain levelex. Beechers study: 42% of placebo patients report pain relief by having placebo medicine.Personality & social factor: optimism, sense of personal control & social support s
31、how lower pain perception.,Controlling of Pain & Suffering,Cognitive Strategy dissociation: dissociate or distract one from painful sensory input Association: focus attention on physical sensation & study them in a detached & unemotional fashion. Effective for intense pain. Give patient informational control: sensory information + procedural info + coping guide Return to activity after recovering is a key to prevent chronic pain.,
