1、,Paragraph Developing 2 The Methods,Cathy,,段落发展方法,按时间顺序展开 D. P. in the Order of Time 按主次顺序展开 in the order of importance 按过程顺序展开 in the order of sequence 按空间顺序展开 in the order of space 按定义法展开 according to definition 按对比比较展开 according to comparison or contrast 按举例法展开 according to examples 按因果推理法展开 the
2、causes and effects 按分类法展开 classificationCET中最常用的是2、4、5、6、7、8,,Contents,,1. In the order of time,时间顺序法是指按照事情发生的时间顺序来组织材料、叙述事件、扩展段落的方法。有顺叙、插叙和倒叙的方式。适用文体：叙事和描写过程常按照时间和逻辑顺序发展。时间顺序故事、小说、历史、传记等逻辑顺序报告、说明一类的文章中,,A Sample,We planned a surprise party for Donna recently. She never had a birthday party and she
3、was twenty years old. First, we carefully made a guest list. Second, . Third .,,主题句的写法,按时间顺序排列写作内容，段落中的主题句可以用各种方法表明时间顺序，如： 1）the development of 2) the growth of 3) the evolution of 等都暗示了关于时间的信息 如:Trace the growth of labor unions in the U.S.,,过渡词的使用,适当适用表示时间顺序的过渡词可使得段落层次自然、清晰。如：,1、At present, Current
4、ly, Recently,more and more people are realizing the importance of protecting our environment.,2、Meanwhile, In the meantime, At the same time,Students should have more free time for reading what they like to read.,,Practice 1,Student Use of Computers （02-06）,1. 上图所示为1990年、1995年、2002年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述
5、其变化； 2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因(可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明)； 3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。,,Practice 2,2. An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident （03-06） 假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点： 1. 车祸发生的时间及地点 2. 你所见到的车祸情况 3. 你对车祸原因的分析,,Practice 3,3. A letter to a Schoolmate （01-06） 1. 表示欢迎 2. 提出对度假安排的建议 3. 提醒应注意的
6、事项,,Practice 1,Students tend to use computers more and more nowadays. Reading this chart, we can find that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increased sharply. In 1990, it was less than 2 hours; and in 1995, it increased to almost 4 hours; while in 2000, the n
7、umber soared to 20 hours.,,Practice 2,It was at about 9:00 on Saturday morning, June 15th, when I went out of the university to visit a friend of mine at another university. I was walking leisurely on the sidewalk when I heard a loud crash of two vehicles just at the T-junction about 10 meters away.
8、 Two taxis crashed together. It was a traffic accident.,,Summary,按照时间顺序写好一个段落的关键是： 按照先后顺序组织细节材料； 恰当运用表示时间的过渡词语； 写一个概括事件或变化过程的主题句。 如：In the relatively short span of twenty-five years, there has been an incredible evolution in the size and capabilities of computers.,,2、In the order of importance,主次顺序就
9、是按照写作内容的重要程度来组织材料。有两种方法：1）按照重要程度递减的顺序（descending order），即由主到次，先说最重要的，最后说最次要的；2）按照重要性递增的顺序（ascending order）即由次到主，先说最不重要的，而以最重要的结束全篇。,,主题句,主题句可以提示所述内容的重要性顺序，如： 1）In the United States, the vacuum cleaner, World War II, and the birth control pill were the three main factors that contributed to the liber
10、ation of women in the twentieth century. 2) In the United States, the two most important holidays are first, Christmas, and second, Thanksgiving.,,信号词,Topic: A number of factors contribute to heart disease. One cause of heart disease is lack of exercise. The second major cause is a high-fat diet.The
11、 most significant cause is smoking.,,信号词,Topic: Some students cheat for several reasons. The most obvious reason is to get good grades. Another common cause of cheating is laziness.Finally, students cheat because they think no one will care if they do.,,应用,1、 A Campaign Speech （05-01） 1、你认为自己具备是什么条件
12、（能力，性格，爱好）可以胜任学生会主席工作？ 2、 如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？2、：How to Succeed in a Job Interview? （01-01）1. 面试在求职过程中的作用2. 取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是,,Therefore, the job interview is very important to a job-hunter. But how can one succeed in it? Firstly of all, the interviewee must pay attention to his or her a
13、ppearance. The first impression is always where we start. Get dressed properly and neatly. Secondly, good manners are equally important. Dont be too proud, and neither too timid. Just be courteous. Thirdly, the interviewee must demonstrate his aptitude and skills for the job and his knowledge about
14、eh job-related areas. Be confident. Last but not the least, the interviewee ought to be honest about his or her personal as well as academic background, for honesty is the best policy.,,Useful expressions,关键：1、根据需要安排主次、轻重的先后； 2、恰当使用表示主次顺序的信号词来引导读者 推荐用语： 1）to start with, next, finally 2）in the first
15、place, in the second place, finally 3）first and foremost, moreover, additionally/besides 4）the most important point, the least important point, even more important point, most important of all, the most significant occurrence involved, last but not least,,Practice,The benefits of keeping pets. The u
16、nsatisfying service of the school canteen.,,3、in the order of sequence,按照过程顺序展开的方法与时间顺序类似，主要说明操作、制造过程等。 经常使用：then, after, therefore等连词。,,4、in the order of space,空间顺序就是按照物体在空间所处的位置安排写作内容的方式。空间顺序可以由远及近，由近及远、有大到小、由外到里；或依东西南北、前后左右、上中下等顺序。总之，要确定事物之间的相互空间关系。常用的词语：where, in which, to which, from whichunder
17、, over, inside, beside, on top ofalong, through, as far as, to the left, to the right, to the northat the back, in front, in the middle,,应 用,A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction. （04-06） Your role: a tour guide Your audience: a group of foreign tourists Your introduction should include:I som
18、e welcoming wordsII the schedule for the dayIII a description of the place the tourists will be visiting (e.g. a scenic spot or a historical site, etc.) You should make the introduction interesting and the arrangements for the day clear to everybody.,,The following is schedule of the day. The first
19、spot we are going to visit is the Great Wall, the grandest fortification in ancient China. The next sight to look around is the Ming Tombs, which is one of the best-preserved tombs for 13 emperors in Ming Dynasty more than one thousand years ago. In the afternoon, we will go for the Summer Palace, t
20、he royal park for Chinese ancient emperors.,,Currently we are on the way to the Great Wall. Dating back to the seven century B.C., the Great Wall is constructed by respective states for fortifying against invasion of neighboring states. By the reasons of long history and its length, it becomes one o
21、f the eight wonders in the world and represents the highest wisdom and crafts. From the top of the Great Wall, we can enjoy a magnificent view of continuous mountains, green trees and blooming wild flowers. It is no doubt that one says, “He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man”。,,5
22、、according to definition,定义法是最常用的写作方法之一，小到解释一个生词，大至阐述一个概念，我们都需要使用定义法。定义法由简至繁分为：词语、句子、段落和文章定义四种类别。在CET主要应用词语和句子定义法。,,用词语定义,用词语定义或者解释关键词是最简单的方法。 方法：使用近义词， 如： Dr. Andrews was indeed loquacious, an extremely talkative man. Secure means safe Cell phone, also called mobile phone Nonverbal communication, o
23、r body language, is communication by facial expressions.,,用句子定义,单句式定义是在一个句子中把对象先归类，然后指出其不同于其它同类事物的显著特征。 模板:term + v. + class + WH-words + features A doctor is a person who gives medical treatment to people. A car phone is a cellular telephone for use in a motor vehicle. A cash card a card which allo
24、ws one to perform certain banking activities via an ATM. Child abuse is the mistreatment of a child by a parent or guardian, which may take the form of physical or psychological ill-treatment, neglect or sexual molestation.,,Useful Expressions,X can be defined as X is considered to be X can be expla
25、ined in this way X refers to/ indicates The definition/meaning/explanation of X is ,,Practice,Dink Market economy Environmental friendly Individualism Love Honesty Happiness Digital age,,6、comparison & contrast,比较和对比既是写作中的逻辑思维方式也是段落扩展的常用方法。所谓对比就是强调相同点，而对比强调差异。结构模式：1. point-by-point style（逐点比较）2. blo
26、ck style（整体对照）,,Samples,Point 1: Food a. S. F. Worldb. R. G. City Point 2: Servicea. S. F. Worldb. R. G. City Point 3: Environmenta. S. F. Worldb. R. G. City,I. Sea Food Worlda. foodb. serviceC. environment II. Roast Goose Citya. foodb. serviceC. environment,Topic: Sea Food World is a much better re
27、staurant than Roast Goose City because of its superior food, service, and environment.,,应用,1、Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? （06-01） 1. 名校校园正成为旅游新热点 2. 校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同 3. 我认为 2、Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary （00-06） 1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是 2. 也有人持不同意见，. 3. 我的看法和打算,,Sample,
28、So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middl
29、e students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative e
30、ffect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.,,Sample,So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, so
31、me people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On th
32、e other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.,,Sample,On the other hand, there are also people who m
33、aintain that good reading and writing skills would be enough for the average English learners. College students are already under considerable pressure from their coursework. Another required test will only add to their burden. Also, some students may take the shortcut and only practice the question
34、s according to the fixed format of the test, which will not actually improve their spoken English.,,Useful expressions,Comparison: Like, both, accordingly, similarly, in the same way, have in common Contrast: However, nonetheless, conversely, On the one hand on the other hand On the contrary, by con
35、trast Instead of, in spite of Differ from,,Useful expressions,In contrast to X, Y In spite of their similarities/differences, X is not exactly/entirely the same as X is totally different from Y. X and Y are similar in X and Y are different in every respect/ in many ways. X and Y seem to have much in
36、 common/ some common features. A comparison between X and Y suggests/shows/proves ,,Practice,分别使用两种组织模式给下列的主题句设计思路 Growing up in a small town or growing up in a large city Working for a large company or running your own company,,7、Examples & Illustration,通过举出具体实例阐述或说明主题句的内容。它与列举法的区别在与列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力
37、求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释观点，所举的事例可多可少，但一定要具有代表性。如：,,Sample,As a general rule, people like to help others, but there are occasions when you should say no to requests for favors. For instance, it is better to refuse when a child pesters you for sweet food and drinks or far too many toys. Another example i
38、s when a relative asks you to use your influence to get him or her a bank loan or a work promotion. 本段采用了两个典型事例来说明主题句中的主题思想say no to requests for favors，并用信号词for instance, another example引出，类似的表达方式还有a case in point。,,方法1,1、列举式举例（由总到分） Linguistics may be defined as the science of language, for exampl
39、e, its structure, sound system, and acquisition. The language skills, such as listening, speaking, reading and writing, need to be practiced. There are four language skills, namely, listening, speaking, reading and writing.,,Practice,Books are of great importance in education. The world is faced wit
40、h the increasingly severe energy crisis. Outdoor activities bring benefits to our physical health. Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attraction. Western holidays are popular in China.,,方法2,2、事实式举例（用典型的实例，不要拓展） Knowing a foreign language is helpful, not
41、only to ourselves but also to others. I have got a better understanding of this with my own experience. Wherever there are great forests, modern methods of insect control threaten the fishes inhabiting the streams in the shelter of the trees. One of the best-known examples of fish destruction took p
42、lace in 1955.,,Useful expressions,For example/instance Specifically, in particular, namely A case in point, a good example of, an excellent example of As an example/illustration . is shown by, is exemplified by, is illustrated by X shows/exemplify/illustrate The following are examples of X:,,Practic
43、e,Pollution in the city I live Electronic video games are so popular among teenagers and college students. The harmfulness of electronic video games cannot be ignored. The eco-disaster is threatening humans.,,8、cause & effect,用分析某个观点或现象的原因的方法来阐述自己的观点，如：The changes of the ownership of houses in China
44、 may be attributed to several factors. The most fundamental reason is that, as the nations economy transformed from a planned one to a market-oriented one, houses have become commodities instead of items of welfare. Meanwhile, enterprises are unwilling to bear the burden of building houses for their
45、 employees. Besides, the government encourages its people to buy their own houses by providing bank loans.,,组织模式 1,1、一因多果（a cause to multiple effects）以阐释后果为主 例如：People with the flu sometimes experience complications.（并发症）The most common complication is a bacterial infections. Then problem can occur
46、with inflamed sinuses, bronchi, muscles, or ears. Finally, nonbacterial diseases, which are less common but still very serious, can also occur.,,组织模式 2,2、多因一果（multiple causes to an effect）以分析原因为主 如：请说明发生这些变化的原因(可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明)；,,Useful expressions,Causes: Because of, owing to, thanks to, du
47、e to, the reason for this is X is caused by , X may contribute to Effects: As a result, consequently, therefore Hence, thus, accordingly,,Practice,What are the effects of selfishness on a person? The major effects of eating too much sugar. The factors for high unemployment rate. Why do I love campus life? The effects of not receiving high education,,9、classification,分类法是把把一个食物分拆成几个部分的段落组织形式。如：Human development can be divided into a number of different aspects: physical, personal, social and cognitive development.,
