1、非谓语动词,否定式：not + (to) do,不定式的形式（P295）,（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与 谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后， Im glad to meet you.He seems to know a lot.We plan to pay a visit.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.,（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The bo
2、y pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.,（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend.,4.被动式 The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.,不定式作主语
3、,不定式作主语，往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。 Its so nice to hear your voice. Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. Its very kind of you to help us. It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.,但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is to的句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。 （对）To teach is to learn.
4、 （错）It is to learn to teach. （错）To teach is learning. （错）Teaching is to learn.,常见的带形式主语it的句型： It is easy ( difficult, important, possible, necessary, good, kind, wise, foolish) to do sth. It is a pleasure (pity, crime, an honor) to do sth. It takes (sb.) some time to do sth.,Its for sb.和 Its of sb.
5、1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等： Its very hard for him to study two languages. 2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 Its very nice of you to help me. 用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法： 用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，
6、用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果通顺用of，不通则用for。 You are nice. （通顺，所以应用of） He is hard. （非所表达的意思，不通，因此用for）,不定式作表语 不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。 My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor.,有些动词可以用不定式作宾语，大致上有三种情况。 1） 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词+不定式。 Afford arrange ask decide bother care choose demand Desire d
7、etermine elect hope fail helplearn long Manage plan pretend refuse undertakeThe driver failed to see the other car in time. He offered to help me.,2）有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。 Ask choose expect help beg intend need Prefer prepare want wish like I like to keep everything tidy. I like yo
8、u to keep everything tidy. I want to speak to Tom. I want you to speak to Tom.,3） 有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。 Decide know consider forget learn remember Show, wonder find out tell inquire explain Please show us how to do that. There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up m
9、y mind which to buy.另外， 在一些形容词后面做宾语 P297,不定式作补语 （301）,1） 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。 Advise allow cause challenge command compel drive 驱使 enable encourage forbid force like/loveFather will not allow us to play on the street. The officer ordered his men to fire.,2) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。 Conside
10、r find believe think declare（声称）appoint guessfancy（设想）guess judge imagine know We believe him to be guilty. We know him to be a fool. （to be 不能省去）,3) 有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。 Believe expect intend like love mean prefer want wish understandWe didnt expect there to be so many people there. You wouldnt
11、want there to be another war.,动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。I have a meeting to attend. 注意：作定语的不定式与所修饰的名词之间是动宾关系， 不定式动词又是不及物动词时，应在该动词上加上一个介词He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.He is said the best way to travel by is on foot.,作定语 298：,如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：He has no
12、 place to live.,不定式作状语 299,1）目的状语 常用结构为to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to do, so as to do, so（such） as to（如此以便）。 He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. I come here only to say good-bye to you. He worked day and night to get the money. She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.,注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子
13、主语要一致： wrong：To save money, every means has been tried. right：To save money, he has tried every means. wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.,表结果： 可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。 I awoke to find my truck gone. He searched the room only
14、 to find nothing.,表原因：They were very sad to hear the news. 4）表示条件 You will do well to speak more carefully.,作独立成分 （301）To tell you the truth, I dont like the wayhe talked.,不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.,不定式并列：第二个不定式可省略to。He wished to study medicine and becomea doctor.
15、,省去to 的动词不定式 312,1） 情态动词 （ 除ought 外） 后。 2） 使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。 注意：被动语态中不能省去to。I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night. 3） would rather，
16、had better句型后 4） Why / why no句型后,5） help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb （to） do sth： 6） but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。 比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 7） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去： 8） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去t
17、o be。 He is supposed （to be） nice.,不定式的特殊句型tooto 300,1; 一般情况，太而不能The question is too difficult to answer. 2;too 前有only,but,all时,不再表示否定,而=veryIm only too gald to receive your nice gift. 3;句型中的形容词是表示心情的 词:eager,glad pleased,sad,angry,readyHe is too ready to help others. 4;never(not).too.to 不会太.所以能she
18、didnt get up too late to catch the early bus. 5;too.not to 太.不会不he is too kind not to help you .,不定式的特殊句型so as to 1） 表目的；它的否定式是so as not to do Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 2）表结果。 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?,20
19、19/6/26,26,主动表被动what + to do sth +be+adj+ to dowith+sth+to do .didnt know what_ A: to say B: to be said 2. The question is easy_ A; to answer B; to be answered 3.With a lot of problems_, the newly elected president is having a hard time A: to settle B: to be settle,动名词 （315）,由“动词+ing”构成，具有动词的特征和名词的功
20、能。动名词的形式：,（1）一般式：e.g.Seeing is believing. （2）被动式： e.g.He came to the party without being invited. （3）完成式：e.g.He denied having been there. （4）完成被动式： e.g.He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. （5）否定式：not + 动名词 e.g.I regret not following his advice.,2.动名词的用法：1）作主语 Doing +
21、v. + no useno goodno fun Its + a shame + doinga waste of time/moneyuselessdangerous There is no + doing.,e.g. Reading is important in learning English. Looking after the patients is a nurses job. Its dangerous playing with fire. Its a waste of time copying othershomework. Its no good getting up too
22、late. There is no joking about the matter.,动名词作主语与不定式作主语的比较 1.不定式与动名词作主语时，其意义没有多大差别，一般可以互换。 e.g. Its a pleasure to meet you.Its a pleasure meeting you. 2. 但在实际使用中，其选择取舍，主要依据以下原则：,（）不定式作主语一般表示某个特定的、比较具体的动作；而动名词作主语则表示某个抽象的、泛指的动作。 e.g. It is bad manners to stare at a foreign guest.Learning a foreign la
23、nguage is very useful to me.（）在口语中，用动名词作主语置于句首的情况较不定式多。,（）在疑问句中，一般用动名词的复合结构作主语，不用不定式的复合结构作主语。 我们说这话，对他能起作用吗？ e.g. Does our saying that mean anything to him.（正） Does for us to say that mean anything to him.（误）,）在句型It is +表示否定的形容词(-less)或名词(no good, no use)后，一般多用动名词作主语。 E.g. Its useless studying Engli
24、sh without practice. Its no use talking about it. （）在“there be”结构中，用动名词作主语，而不用不定式。 e.g. There is no holding back the wheels of history.,（）在“主系表”结构中，主语和表语所采用的非谓语形式要一致，即：表语是不定式时，主语也用不定式；表语是动名词时，主语也用动名词。 e.g. To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.,2）作宾语: S. + vt.+ doing 避免错过 (少) 延期 avoid miss delay
25、/ postpone 建议完成 (多) 练习 suggest / advise finish practise 喜欢想象 禁不住 enjoy/appreciate imagine resist/cant help 承认 否定 (与) 嫉妒 admit deny envy 逃脱 冒险 (莫) 原谅 escape risk pardon / excuse 忍受 保持 (不) 在意 stand keep / keep on mind,A popular film star needs a cap. Advise Practise object (to) prevent understand look
26、 forward to allow resist Finish insist on / imagine lead to mind / miss Suggest think of avoid risk No use escape enjoy delay stick to Admit Consider appreciate permit,作介词/短语动词的宾语: S. + v. + prep. + doinglook forward tobe used toput offgive upS. + keep on + doingsucceed incant helpfeel likebe busy,e
27、.g. She sat there without speaking. I look forward to seeing him again. Are you used to living there alone? When my father heard the news, he couldnt help laughing. I dont feel like going to see the film. He was busy preparing his lessons.,主动表被动:want (需要)need (需要)require (需要)Sth. + stand (经受) + doin
28、gbear (忍受)be + past (超过)be worth (值得)be + in need of(需要),e.g. The room wants cleaning. The method needs improving. This pair of shoes is past mending. The problem is in need of working out. The question is well worth discussing.,needSth. + require + to be donewant但 be worth 只能 + doing,e.g. The house
29、 needs repairing.The house needs to be repaired.The book is worth reading. The book is worthy of being read.The book is worthy to be read.,3）作表语: 对主语说明、解释 S. + be + doing Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 比较：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.,4）作定语，
30、一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途 a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台 a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池 有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如： boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点 a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机,worth 的用法,be wo
31、rth doing sth. “某事值得被做“ The question is not worth discussing again and again. be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示“ 值得“ This picture is worth 100 yuan.（这幅画值100元。）（2）表示“值得”的意思，后接某些名词。 Is it worth all the trouble？ 3）表示“拥有价值的财产”的意思。例如：He is worth a million dollars.（他拥有百万家产。）,（4）用作名词，表示物质、精神等方面的“价值”时，worth是不可数名词，如a
32、 picture of great worth（一幅价值昂贵的画），a man of worth（很有价值的人）。 （5）用在一些习惯用语中，如 for all one is worth （尽力，尽量地）， for what it s worth（不论真伪）， worth one s salt（胜任的，称职的，值得雇佣的）worth somebody s while（值得某人花精力时间的）。,一般来说，worth前面可用well， really， very much， hardly， easily等词语修饰，但一般不用very修饰。例如： This is really worth doing.
33、（这确实值得一做 He has something very much worth saying.（他有些话很值得讲。） 2. worthy： be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示“值得“ be worthy to be done “某事值得被做“ The question is not worthy to be discussed again and again.,3. worthwhile：be worthwhile to do sth “值得做某事“ It s worth（someones）while doing It is worthwhile to ask him
34、 to join the club.It is not _ to discuss the question again and again. A. worth B. worthy C. worthwhile D. worth while,worth, worthy 与 worthwhile区别,一、从句法功能上看 worth 通常只用作表语，不用于名词前作定语；worthy 和 worthwhile 可用作表语和定语。 It isnt worth the trouble. He is a worthy gentleman. His behavior is worthy of great pra
35、ise. They achieved a very worthwhile result. We had a long wait, but it was worthwhile because we got the tickets.,二、从所使用的修饰语来看 worth 习惯上不用 very 修饰(要表示类似意思可用 well)，而 worthy 和 worthwhile 则可以用副词very修饰。如： That is very worthy of our attention. Nursing is a very worthwhile career. 护理工作是很值得干的职业。 但习惯上不说：Th
36、e work is very worth doing. (very 应改为 well),三、从搭配习惯来看 1. 有关 be worth 的搭配习惯 (1) be worth后可直接跟名词、代词或动名词。 (2) 在现代英语中，在be worth前使用形式主语it被认为是合习惯的。如： It isnt worth repairing the car. 2. 有关 be worthy 的搭配习惯 (1) be worthy 后不能直接跟名词、代词或动名词，若要接，应借助介词 of。 (2) 与be worth后接不定式(若该不定式要表示被动意义，则应用被动形式)。如： He is worthy
37、to receive such honor. This suggestion is worthy to be considered.,(3) 若要在be worthy后接动名词，与后接名词时的情形一样，应借助介词of，且该动名词若要表示被动意义，要用被动形式。如： He is worthy of filling =to fill the post. 这个职位他当之无愧。 This suggestion is worthy of being considered =to be considered. 3. 有关 be worthwhile 的搭配习惯 (1) be worthwhile 后接动名
38、词或不定式均可。 It is worthwhile buying the dictionary. (其中的 worthwhile 也可换成 worth) It is worthwhile to discuss the plan again. (其中的 worthwhile 不能换成 worth,(2) 有时可将worthwhile分开写，此时也可在其中加上ones。 Id think it worth while to go. 我认为值得去。 Do you think its worth while quarrelling with me? Would you like to do some
39、gardening for me? Ill make it worth your while. 你愿意在我的花园里干些活吗? 我不会亏待你的。 (3) 按传统语法，It is worth (ones) while to do sth doing sth 结构必须用it作形式主语，其中的不定式或动名词做句子的真正主语。,正：The place is worth a visit. 正：The place is worth visiting. 正：It is worth visiting the place. 正：The place is worthy of a visit. 正：The place
40、 is worthy of being visited. 正：The place is worthy to be visited. 正：It is worthwhile visiting the place. 正：It is worthwhile to visit the place.,那个地方值得一去。,感官动词 + doing/to do,感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，+doing 表示动作的进行性。 I saw him work in
41、the garden yesterday. （强调“我看见了“这个事实） I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调“我见他正干活“这个动作） 1）They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 2）The missing boy was last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
42、,3. 动名词复合结构：,1).物主代词 / 名词所有格 + 动名词 在句中作主语: Marys coming late made her teacher angry. Do you mind my smoking?2).人称代词宾格 / 名词 + 动名词在句中作宾语: Im sure of him coming on time. He has never heard of a woman being a pilot.,动名词与不定式的区别 （321-331）,(1) 动名词与不定式在很多情况下可以互用，但是表示具体的、特定情况下或有待于完成的动作常用不定式。如： Would you like
43、 to play football this afternoon? To get there by bike will take us half an hour.,(2) 有些动词只能跟动名词作宾语而不跟不定式作宾语，有些则只能跟不定式而不能跟动名词作宾语，另外还有一些则两者兼可(有时意义基本相同，区别不大，而有时又意义截然相反)。 You should say sorry to your brother. No, I dont regret quarrelling with him. I regret to tell you that you have been dismissed.,(3)
44、 有些动词后接动名词主动式可表被动意义，相当于其不定式被动式。 如： It needs repairing. / It needs to be repaired. （4）在should, (would) likelove等之后须用不定式。 Id like to thank you again. (5) 有时修辞上需要变换，为了避免连用不定式或动名词。 The students have begun planning to open a class on the correct use of characters for workers in nearby factories.,(6) 有些动词
45、接“介词+动名词”，如： apologize for doing sth.（为做某事而表示歉意）；succeed in doing sth. (成功做某事)；think of doing sth (想做某事)；有些动词既可接“介词+动名词”，亦可接不定式。二者意义有时相同，有时则有所不同。如： agree on doing sth (协议做某事) agree to do sth (同意做某事) think about doing sth （考虑做某事） think to do sth （想要或记得做某事）,（7）有些名词后常用不定式，如：ability, ambition, permissio
46、n等。 有些名词后常接“介词+动名词”，如： advice on/about doing sth（关于做某事的忠告）； skill in doing sth（做某事的技巧）；success in doing sth(做某事的成功); experience in/of doing sth(做某事方面的经验)； 有些名词则两者兼可，如： attempt (企图) +at doing sth 或to do sth chance (机会)+ to do sth 或of doing sth reason (理由)+for doing sth或to do sth way (方法)+of doing sth或to do sth,(8) 有些形容词后常接不定式，如able, difficult, easy, free, lucky, ready, sure等等。 有些形容词后常接“介词+动名词”结构，如： fond of doing sth (喜爱做某事); tired of doing sth (厌倦做某事)；right in doing sth（做某事做得对） 有些形容词则两者兼可，如：proud (自豪的)+of being或to be；fortunate （幸运的）+in doing sth或to do sth.,
