1、阅读训练：大学英语四级阅读理解练习一Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a si
2、ngle line through the centre.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:If women are mercilessly（无情地） exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantag
3、e of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a women is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe （衣柜） packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothin
4、g to wear.Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skir
5、ts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability（耐用）. They are only interested in outwa
6、rd appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasnt at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way throu
7、gh deep snow in highheeled shoes.When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of womens clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated
8、 by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.1.Designers and big stores always make money_. A) by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industryB) because they are capable of predicting new f
9、ashionsC) by constantly changing the fashions in womens clothingD) because they attach great importance to quality in womens clothing2.To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as_. A) a waste of moneyB) a waste of timeC) an expression of tasteD) an expression of c
10、reativity3.The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the _ of clothing. A) costB) appearanceC) comfortD) suitability4.New fashions in clothing are created for _. A) the commercial exploitation of womenB) the womens strength of characterC) basic qualities of inconst
11、ancy and instabilityD) an important contribution to society5.By saying “the conlusions to be drawn are obvious“ (Line One, Paragraph Four) the writer means that_. A) womens inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed atB) women are better able to put up with discomfortC) men are also ex
12、ploited greatly by fashion designersD) men are more reasonable in the matter of fashionQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards“; and there is no reason
13、 to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological “drives“（欲望）as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfor
14、t, not otherwise.It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward“ the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple moveme
15、nts, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the childrens reponses in situations where no milk was provided.
16、He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switch on“ a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make a
17、s many as three turns to one side.Papouseks light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble（发出咯咯声）“ when the display came on. Papousek concluded
18、that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control. 6.According to the author, ba
19、bies learn to do things which_. A) are directly related to pleasureB) will meet their physical needsC) will bring them a feeling of successD) will satisfy their curiosity7.Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby_. A) would make learned responses when it saw the milkB) would carry out learned mov
20、ements when it had enough to drinkC) would continue the simple movements without being given milkD) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink8.In Papouseks experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to _. A) have the lights turned onB) be rewarded with milkC
21、) please their parentsD) be praised9.The babies would “smile and bubble“ at the lights because_. A) the lights were directly related to some basic “drives“B) the sight fo the lights was interestingC) they need not turn back to watch the lightsD) they succeeded in “switching on“ the lights10.Accordin
22、g to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _. A) a basic human desire to understand and control the worldB) the satisfaction of certain physiological needsC) their strong desire to solve complex problemsD) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
23、Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:A breakthrough（突破）in the provision of energy from the sun for European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EECs researvh effort in this field, according to the seni
24、or EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EECs scientific laboratories at Ispra, near Milan.The senior West German scientist in charge of the Communitys solar energy programme, Mr. Joachim Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spending it was most unlikely that
25、 solar energy would provide as much as 3% of the Communitys energy requirements even after the year 2000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.Mr. Gretz calcu
26、lates that if solar energy only provided 3% of the EECs needs, this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year. And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be possible to satisfy
27、a much bigger share of the Communitys future energy needs.At present the EEC spends about $2.6 millions a year on solar research at Ispra, one of the EECs official joint research centres, and another 3 millions a year in indirect research with universities and other independent bodies.11.The phrase
28、“be brought forward“ in the first sentence of Paragraph One most probably means _. A) be expectedB) be advancedC) be completedD）be introduced12.Some scientists believe that a breakthrough in the use of solar energy depends on_. A) sufficient fundingB) advanced technologyC) further experimentsD) well
29、-equipped laboratories13.According to Mr.Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide_. A) a little more than 3% of the EECs needs after the year 2000B) 3% of the EECs needs before the year 2000C) less than 3% of the EECs needs before the year 2000D) only 3% of the EECs need
30、s even after the year 200014.The total yearly spending of the EEC on solar energy research amounted to _. A) a billion poundsB) almost 3 million dollarsC) almost 5 million dollarsD) almost 6 million dollars15.The application of advanced technology to research in solar energy_. A) would lead to a big
31、 increase in research fundingB) would make it unnecessary to import oilC) would make it possible to meet the future energy needs of the EECD) would provide a much greater proportion of the Communitys future energy needsQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:The black robin （知更鸟） is on
32、e of the worlds rarest birds. It is a small, wild bird, and it lives only on the island of Little Mangere, off the coast of New Zealand. In 1967 there were about 50 black robins there; in 1977 there were fewer than ten. These are the only black robins left in the world. The island has many other bir
33、ds, of course, of different kinds, large and small; they seem to multiply very happily.Energetic（有力的，积极的）steps are being taken to preserve the black robin-to guard those remaining and to increase their number. Detailed studies are going on, and a public appeal for money has been made. The idea is to
34、 buy another island nearby as a special home, a “reserve“, for threatened wild life, including black robins. The organisers say that Little Mangere should then be restocked with the robins food-it eats only one kind of seed-and so renewed for it. Thousands of the required plants are at present being
35、 cultivated in New Zealand. The public appeal is aimed at the conscience of mankind, so that the wild black robin willl not die out and disappear from the earth in our time at least.In the earths long, long past hundreds of kinds of creatures have evolved, risen to a degree of success-and died out.
36、In the long, long future there will be many new and different forms of life. Those creatures that adapt themslves successfully to what the earth offers will survive for a long time. Those that fail to meet the challenges will disappear early. That is Natures proven method of operation.The rule of se
37、lection-“the survival of the fittest“ is the one by which man has himself arrived on the scene.Life seems to have grown too tough for black robins.16.The black robin is dying out mainly because_. A) people have been very careless about its survivalB) its only food is becoming exhausted on Little Man
38、gereC) the other birds on the island have destroyed itD) the appeal for money has come at the wrong time17.The success of other small birds on Little Mangere shows that_. A) the island cannot have very much food leftB) something has to die out, they cant all be winnersC) the big birds have all been
39、attacking the black robinD) the robin has failed to meet the challenges of life18.As regards selection and survival, the decisive factor seems to be_. A) the ability to adapt to changed or changing conditionsB) the number of wild life reserves that are availableC) the concern and generosity（慷慨）of th
40、e publicD) the size of the home, or the amount of space one has to live in19.The evidence seems to suggest that_. A) it is a disaster for everyone when one kind of bird dies outB) all creatures are concerned about the survival of othersC) Nature expects and accepts the dying out of weaker breedsD) m
41、an is to blame when such a thing happens20.The writers attitude towards the protection of the black robins is _. A) activeB) passiveC) indifferentD) pessimistic 阅读训练：大学英语四级阅读理解练习二Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For e
42、ach of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:In the warm enclosed water of farm ponds, conditions are v
43、ery likely to be lethal for fish when insecticides（杀虫剂）are applied in the neighbourhood. As many examples show, the poison is carried in by rains and runoff from surrounding lands. Sometimes the ponds receive not only polluted runoff but also a direct dose as crop-dusting pilots neglect to shut off
44、the duster in passing over a pond. Even without such complication, normal agricultural use subjects fish to far heavier concentrations of chemicals than would be required to kill them. In other words, a marked reduction in the amount used would hardly change the fatal situation, for application of o
45、ver 0.1 pound per acre to the pond itself are generally considered hazardous. And the poison, once introduced, is hard to get rid of. One pond that had been treated with DDT to remove unwanted shiners（银色小鱼） remained so poisonous through repeated draining and washing that it killed 94% of the sunfish
46、 with which it was later stocked. Apparently the chemical remained in the mud of the pond bottom.In some parts of the world the cultivation of fish in ponds provides an indispensable source of food. In such places the use of insecticides without regard for the effects on fish creates immediate probl
47、ems. In Rhodesia, for example, the young of an import food fish, the Kafue bream（鲷科海鱼）, are killed by exposure to only 0.04 parts per million of DDT in shallow pools. Even smaller die, of many other insecticides would be fatal. The shallow waters in which these fish live are favorable mosquito-breed
48、ing places. The problem of controlling mosquitoes and at the same time conserving a fish important in the Central African diet has obviously not been solved satisfactorily.1. The word “lethal“ in the first sentence nearly means _. A) deadB) importantC) fatalD) vital2. The authors tone in this passag
49、e can be best described as _. A) depressedB) indifferentC) questioningD) objective3._ should be responsible for the presence of insecticides in ponds? A) RhodesiaB) Central AfricaC) Conditions of farm pondsD) Human error4. The author states a problem, _ , and relates causes in this passage. A) gives examplesB) proposes a solutionC) explains his suggestionD) makes speeches5. Which of the following titles
