1、,Toxic and Stinging Sea Creatures,Striped Eel Catfish（条纹鳗鲶鱼 ) Photography by Tanawat Likitkererat, My Shot,Each striped eel catfish is armed with venomous（分泌毒液的） spines(体刺） on its dorsal（背部的） and pectoral fins（胸鳍） that can deliver a very painful stingthough one rarely fatal to humans.,Stargazer Fish
2、,Using its pectoral fins as shovels（铲车）, the stargazer fish digs into the seafloor sand, leaving its eyes and mouth exposed to spot and eat passing prey（被捕食的动物）.,Reef Stonefish,The reef stonefish is a master of camouflage（伪装） often mistaken for a colorful rock or chunk of coralan ability that helps
3、it to ambush（埋伏） passing fish and crustaceans（甲壳类）. When threatened the stonefish hunkers（盘坐） down and brandishes（挥舞） dorsal fin spines loaded with one of the most toxic venoms（毒液） found in any fishand one potentially deadly to humans,Blue-Ringed Octopus 蓝圈章鱼,The bacteria produce potent neurotoxins（
4、神经毒素） that can kill a human in just a few minutes yet appear to have no harmful effect on the octopus. This toxic saliva（唾液）, injected through shells broken with the octopuss birdlike beak（鸟嘴）, also helps it to digest crabs（蟹类） and mollusks（软体动物）.,Scorpionfish 岩鱼,Members of the large scorpionfish fa
5、mily live on the seafloor where they tend to blend in with their surroundings and hunt by ambush（埋伏）. These sit-and-wait predators（捕食者） adopt such effective camouflage that many of their meals likely never knew what hit them. Scorpionfish are also armed with venomous spines, which can deliver a dang
6、erous sting to any animal trying to make prey of this predator.,Puffer Fish河豚鱼,This harmless-looking “beach ball” is actually a puffer fish, washed up on a Karnataka, India, shoreline. The fish, also known as a blowfish河豚, attempts to make itself inedible不能吃的 by drinking enormous amounts of water (o
7、r air) and swelling to several times its typical size. Lucky is the predator that notices this warning. Those that dont might not live to repeat the mistake. Puffer fish contain tetrodoxin（河豚毒素）, which is fatal to many fishand to humans, who have yet to develop an antidote解药. Some Japanese consider
8、the puffer a delicacy, though one fish holds enough toxins to kill 30 people.,Lionfish,The colorful lionfish presents an attractive appearance, but its arsenal（兵器） of needlelike dorsal fins is actually meant to warn others away. Too-curious humans can receive a quite painful and potentially dangerou
9、s sting from these spines. Lionfish hail from Indo-Pacific reefs but they have recently spread to other warm waters, like the Caribbean, where they are causing some ecological concern by thriving as an invasive（侵略性的） species.,Nudibranch裸鳃类动物,The soft sea slugs known as nudibranchs have no shells and
10、 are defenseless from predatorsor so it would seem. In fact the animals boast a toxic arsenal acquired by producing their own poisons or by ingesting them with meals of toxic sponges or anemones（海葵）and then secreting them when threatened. Many nudibranchs boast brilliant color that make them stand o
11、ut on reefs or ocean floors and send would-be predators a clear message: I am not tasty.,Short-Tail Stingray 黄貂鱼,Human stingray deaths are extremely rareonly one or two occur worldwide each year. The animals typically use their daggerlike(匕首状的）tail spines for protection against predators like sharks
12、 or killer whales. Short-tails are the largest of all stingrays and can reach lengths of 14 feet (4.25 meters) and top 750 pounds (340 kilograms).,Banded Sea Krait 灰蓝扁尾海蛇,The banded sea kraits fatal venom（毒液） packs a punch ten times more toxic than a rattlesnakes（响尾蛇）, but fortunately these kraits a
13、re so meek(温驯的） that human bites are rare. Alone among the sea snakes, they are amphibious and able to spend up to ten days at a time on land. Sea kraits hit the beach to digest their food (mostly eels and fish), mate, and lay eggs.,Yeti Crab 雪人蟹,婴儿版滑板虾 在一次海洋生物普查远征时发现的婴儿版滑板龙虾，尽管它成长的时候会包着一层厚厚的外壳，但它仍是完全透明的。 据美国国家地理协会的新书海洋公民：海洋普查发现的完美生物所说，这种龙虾奇怪的眼睛可能是它在浮游生物或微生物间漂浮的时候，起到迷惑被捕食者的作用。,THANK YOU,
