1、被动语态语法点滴,英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者， 被动语态是指在语言交际过程中，及物动词的宾语充当句子的主语，或指会话中先说出动作的对象，其目的是：有时动作无动作执行者，无法表达句子的主语；或强调动作的对象；或根据句法结构的需要，使用被动语态，以达到交际目的，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。,They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动) 汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：
2、助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。,前言,被 动 语 态 的 使 用,语态转换时 要注意的问题,独特的 具体要求,主动变被动 的动词要求,主动句不能改为 被动句的情况,练习,主动形式 表示 被动意义,1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by 短语。 “Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ” (只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。 2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。 These records were made by Joh
3、n Denver. 3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in + 名词作状语，而代替 by 短语。 These cars were made in China.,被 动 语 态 的 使 用,主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give 为例，列表如下：一般现在时： am / is / are + given 一般过去时： was / were +given 一般将来时： shall / will +be+ given 现在进行时： am / is / are + being + given现在完成时： have / has + be
4、en + given过去完成时： had + been + given 过去进行时： was / were + being + given过去将来时： should / would +be+ given将来完成时： shall / will + have been + given过去将来完成时： should/would+have been + given can/could + be done注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。,被动语态常用的八种时态 1. 一般现在时： People grow rice in the south of the country. Rice is gro
5、wn in the south of the country. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.,2. 一般过去时：They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.
6、The students didnt forget his lessons easily. His lessons were not easily forgotten.,3. 一般将来时： They will send cars abroad by sea. Cars will be sent abroad by sea. They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.,4. 过去将来时：The manager said they would com
7、plete the project by the end of the year. The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.,5. 现在进行时： The radio is broadcasting English lessons
8、.English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio. We are painting the rooms. The rooms are being painted.,6. 过去进行时： Why didnt they drive there on time? Because the workers were mending the road. Because the road was being mended. This time last year we were planting trees here. Trees were being p
9、lanted here this time last year.,7. 现在完成时： Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off. I have been told the sports meet might be put off. We have brought down the price. The price has been brought down.,8. 过去完成时： When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets. Whe
10、n I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People had considered him to be a great leader. He had been considered to be a great leader.,9. 含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。 You must hand in your comp
11、ositions after class. Your compositions must be handed in after class. He can write a great many letters with the computer. A great many letters can be written with the computer by him.,主动语态变被动语态的方法,（1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主语 谓语 宾语 I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party.
12、 主语 谓语 宾语 （2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.,返回,一、总体注意： 1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。 2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。 3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by 短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in + 地点名词作状语。,语态转换时要注意的问题,被动句中，动
13、作的执行者一般不表示，如表示，则用 by sb.短语，而短语 with sth. 一般表示“用某种材料或工具”等。,Eg. This picture is being painted by Tom. The hall is filled with smoke.,有时同一个句子，用不同短语含义不同,如：,He was killed by a stone. 他被石头砸死了。（可能是山上滚下来的石头。）,He was killed with a stone. 他被石头砸死了。 （可能是别人用石头砸的。）,4.主动变为被动，句子的种类不变。 Eg. Can you tell me the story?
14、,Can the story be told to me?,5. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正确) A new computer have been bought. (错误),6、被动语态与系表结构：,Eg. The desk was broken by Bob.,被动动作,The desk was broken.,主语的状态或特征，包括get+V.ed是系表结构。,7、不管何种句子，只要能变成
15、被动语态的谓语部分，都要变成被动形式。,Eg. We can turn ice into water if we heat it.,Ice can be turned into water if it is heated.,二、带双宾语的动词变被动态时，要考虑意义把间宾转为主语，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。,Eg. He gave me his card.,I was given his card.,His card was given to me.,He bought her a skirt.,A skirt was bought for her
16、.,My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：A present was given to me yesterday.,注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。 The cup with mixture was
17、showed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。 Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. )The meat was cooked for us. Some country music was played for us. 有些既不用t
18、o 也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。 He asked me a question. (A question was asked of me. )People all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语),三、带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is a
19、lways kept clean. She told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions.,注意1：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。 We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the g
20、uitar.,注意2：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如： Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples. 误：Love apples were called them. 正：They were called love apples.,四、 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：,不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask fo
21、r, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。 The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about.,及物动词+ 副词：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out
22、, turn out 等。 His request was turned down. The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.,动词+ 名词+ 介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下： 1) We take good care of the books. The books are taken good care of. Good care is taken of the book. 2) You must pay attention to your pronunciation. Attention must be p
23、aid to your pronunciation. Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. 用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, catch hold of, give advice on, take pride in, get rid of，take notice of, keep an eye on 等。,五、祈使句主动变被动，使用 let,allow.,Eg. Don
24、t close the door.,Let the door not be closed.,Allow the door not to be closed.,返回,1、当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如： Nobody can answer this question. 误：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：The question can not be answered by anybody.,独特的具体要求,2、当否定句中
25、的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 误：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.,3、以 who, what, which 等开头做主语的特殊疑问句，变被动时要加上 by。,By可放在被动结
26、构后，也可和它们一起放在句首，但 who 为 whom。,Eg. Who wrote this novel?,Who was this novel written by?,By whom was this novel written ?,返回,主动变被动的动词要求：,1、及物动词有被动态，且seat, discourage, devote, raise 等及物动词必用被动。,Eg. He failed again, but he was not discouraged. He was devoted to his research work. The price has been raised
27、. Please be seated.,2、有些动词无被动态：have, cost, rise, fall, happen, take place, come about, break out, come into being( 出现、成立、诞生，give out（用完、失灵），go on（穿得上、合适），go out（熄灭、过时），last（够用、维持)， belong to, run out of, be in sight (of) （看见），be out of sight（of ）（看不见）。,3、表示状态的 equal (等于），fit （适合），hold (容纳），mean (意味着
28、），wish （希望）等,也不用被动动作。,4、当及物动词 leave, enter, reach 等的宾语是表示地点、处所或组织的名词时不用被动动作。,5、当动词和宾语已组成一个不可分割的成语时，不用被动动作。,Eg. keep ones word, make up ones mind, speak ones mind (说出心里话），do ones best, take ones place（就座），lose heart, shake hands, keep watch（守望）， make a face .,6、固定短语 be going to, have to, had better 等
29、，可视情态动词类变化。,We have to finish our homework every day.,Our homework has to be finished every day.,7. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如： The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。 The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。 The
30、pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写字很流畅。 对比：The books sell well. (主动句) The books were sold out. (被动句) The meat didnt cook well. (主动句) The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句),返回,主动句不能改为被动句的情况,第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feel
31、s very soft. 误：It is felt very soft. The food tastes delicious. 误：The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.,第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 误：The room was entered and his
32、 book was got. She had her hand burned. 误：Her hand was had burned.,第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.,第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain
33、, lie等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 误：The sun had already been risen. After the earthquake, few houses remained. 误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.,第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如： I taught myself English. 误：Myself was taught
34、 English. We love each other. 误：Each other is loved.,九. 在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示。,据说 It is said that 据报导 It is reported that 据推测 It is supposed that 希望 It is hoped that 众所周知 It is well known that 普遍认为 It is generally considered that 有人建议 It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going
35、 to rain tomorrow. 2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.,返回,有些情况下动词的主动形式也可以表示被动意义。,一、表示“开始”；“结束”类的动词。常见的这类动词有begin, start, open, close, end, finish, stop等。例如：,School begins in September. The stores in this area open later at weekends than at weekdays.,二、主语是物，谓语是表示主语特征或属性
36、的动词。常见的这类动词有write, read, wear, wash, clean, sell, run, lock等。这些动词常与副词或否定词连用。例如：,The machine runs well. This pen writes quite smoothly. The bookshelf hardly sells.,三、表示主语状态特征的连系动词：look, feel, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear等。例如：,Do you like the material? Yes, it _ very soft. A. is feeling B. felt
37、C. feels D. is felt,C,Your idea sounds reasonable. What he said proved to be correct.,四、动名词主动形式表示被动意义,1. 在need, require, want(需要)等动词后，表示某物(人)要进行处理时，后接动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动式。,Youve come just in time to help us. Fine, what requires doing? (=Fine, what requires to be done?) This sentence needs
38、 _ . A. an improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved,C,2. be worth 后接动名词的主动式表示被动意义。,His suggestion is not worth considering.,五、动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义,1. 不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。例如：,The next train to arrive was from New York.,2. 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且句子的主语或间接宾语与该不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。,Please give me
39、something to eat.,(间接宾语me是to eat的逻辑主语),(主语I是to do的逻辑主语),I have a lot of work to do today.,3. 用在作表语或宾语补足语的形容词后面的不定式，如果与句子的主语或宾语有动宾关系时，一般用主动形式。例如：,His speech in English was difficult to follow. Do you think him easy to get along with?,返回,在英语语言中，被动语态是极常见的语言现象，人们进行语言交际，离不开对被动语态的使用，熟练掌握被动语态也为下一步学习打下良好的基础
40、，在动词-ing 形式，不定式等结构中，都有被动式，都需要运用被动语态的知识去理解。,1) How are you today? Oh, I _ as ill as I do now for a very long time.A. didnt feel B. wasnt feeling C. dont feel D. havent felt.,2) Old Mc Donald gave up smoking for a while, but soon _ to his old ways.A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returne
41、d,3) They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I _ a good drink.A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying,4) Tom _ into the house when no one_.A. slipped, was looking B. had slipped, looked C. slipped, had looked D. was slipping, looked
42、,5) The pen I _ I _ is on my desk, right under my nose.A. think, lost B. thought, had lost C. think, had lost D. thought, have lost,6) I dont think Jim saw me; he _ into space.A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared,7) Is the raincoat yours? No, mine _ there behind t
43、he door.A. is hanging B. has hung C. hangs D hung,8) The price _, but I doubt whether it will remain so.A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down,9) In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar.A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served,11) People often want to kno
44、w what my job is. Often I _ that question.A. ask B. am asking C. get asked D. get asking,12) The new dictionaries are very useful. They _ well and _ already.A. sell, have been sold out B. sold, had sold out C. sell, sell out D. are sold, have been sold out,10) The train _ arrived at 11:30, but it wa
45、s an hour late.A. was about to B. was likely to C. was supposed to D. was certain to,13) All the preparations for the task _, and were ready to start.A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed,14) The teacher told his students that they _ to be useful men to the country.A. were all expected B. were all expecting C. all were expected D. all expected,Best wishes to you！,
