1、教师对学生的心理干预方法 四川省社会科学院客座教授 朱利安 泰普林,Westernizing, industrializing brings benefits but also stress and hardship for children, youth, and families Three skills can help a large percentage but not allof these problems The skills are Thinking StudyingProtecting,1B.1 Origins of TSP,J. R. Taplin, PhD, ABPP,
2、 made his 3rd trip to China in 1998, after a UN consulting appointment. In more than 12 visits he has colleted the concerns of thousands of children youth and families on anonymous scraps of paper. Together with Prof ZhangXiangRong and colleagues, TSP is built to respond to those concerns TSP起源 朱利安
3、泰普林博士在他被联合国指派咨询任务时，他选择第三次到中国访问 在他12 次访问中国的咨询活动中他收集了大量孩子和家长的家庭教育案例 和张祥荣教授以及其他的同仁一道，建立了一套适用用于中国家庭教育的TSP体系,1C.1 Industry improves much, but children and families suffer,Widespread Western experience shows that industrializing improves living standards remarkably. At the same time, the social cost in te
4、rms of families weakened by divorce, mobility, violence, unconstrained sexuality, etc., is very high Unfortunately, we should anticipate increasing stresses upon our Chinese youth and families 虽然工业发展，但是孩子和家庭却有所缺失 迅速发达的西方工业化社会的进步与繁荣得益于工业化大规模生产 但是同时，家庭削弱、离婚率提高、暴力和动荡、无节制的性问题等等是对工业化付出的代价,1D.1 Many human
5、 problems are matters of SKILLS, e.g.,Academic skills Problem-solving skills Thinking skills Creativity skills Self control skills Teamwork skills Compliance skills Leadership skills, etc.In TSP we group them into Thinking skills, Teaching/learning skills and Protecting skills. For teachers we add L
6、aunching skills 很多的人的问题是缺乏技巧 学习的技巧 解决问题的技巧 思考的技巧 创造的技巧 自我控制的技巧 团队的技巧 服从的技巧 领导的技巧等等 我们把上诉技巧归结为TSP技巧，既开放性思维的技巧、教与学的技巧、有效保护的技巧。针对老师我们还专门提到育人的技巧,1D.2 Why do people change?,In a skills approach people change because they use new and improved skills Not because We have treated them medically We have heale
7、d them religiously We have given them sudden insight We have chased away a devil with our powers 我们什么人可以会改变？ 从技巧的方面说，人变是因为他们采用了新的或者改进了技术 而不是因为： 我们对他们进行药物治疗 我们对他们进行了宗教方面的引导 我们给了他们“灵丹妙药” 我们用我们的力量赶走了邪恶,1D.3 Implication of a skills approach,Client must: Understand the skill Apply it regularly until it b
8、ecomes familiar Make the skill automatic Telling people about it will help some, but not many, people. Our job is to help them understand, apply and make automatic Change takes work Change is not fast. No sudden miraculous cures 技术的含义 受咨者必须： 理解技术 熟悉技术并有规律的运用它 让技术成为习惯 说教对人也有所帮助，但不会使很都人受益，而我们的任务是帮助我们的
9、受咨者理解，运用技术并成为自身习惯的一部分 学习新技术和改变是需要时间 改变不会是立竿见影的马上见效,1D.4 Tool overview: Thinking tools,7A How to think, the beginning 7B Turn brains on, make thinking start 7C Teach children to self-instruct for self discipline 7D Show them how to change negative emotion 7E Give a path to optimism and hope 7F Help w
10、ith the search for life direction and career 开拓思维概要 如何思考，如何开始思考 使大脑转起来 教孩子学会自我约束 展示如何控制自己的不良情绪 打开通向乐观和希望的路 帮助孩子寻找生活方向和职业方向,1D.5 Tool overview: Teaching/learning tools,8A Basic parenting skills 8B Model and demonstrate, incl. emotional skills 8C Make rewards work for you 8D Establish a successful tok
11、en economy 8E Help students to be expert learners 8F Teach students to be their own diagnosticians 8G Put school pressure in a different light 8H Personality, temperament and interpersonal skills 8I Give the huge advantage: leadership skills 教与学的工具概要 基本抚育技巧 身体力行的展示情绪控制技巧 行为鼓励法 建立积分制度法 帮助学生成为 学习专家 教会
12、学生学会自我诊断 从不同的角度看待压力 个性、脾气和人际交往技巧 特别重视：领导技术,1D.6 Tool overview: Protecting and preventing tools,9A Protecting in crisis and trauma 9B Educating for healthwhy its critical now 9C Educating for puberty, why its a big job now 9D Early love; reduce the problems, help them learn 9E Marital strife; minimiz
13、ing the harm 9F Equip youth to cope with materialism 9G Help them cross the chasm from school to life 9H Leaving home constructively 保护和预防工具概要 危机事件中的保护 健康教育为什么特别重要 青春期教育为什么件大事情？ 早恋，降低风险，帮助孩子 学会过渡 家庭婚姻变化：把危害降到最低程度 帮助年轻人克服物资享乐思想 帮助孩子适应社会 离家独立,1E.1 TSP values,Respect for individuals Respect for the fam
14、ily unity Respect for science and accountability Competence Confidentiality Voluntary TSP 的价值 尊重个人价值 尊重家庭和睦 尊重科学和实证 有效 保密 自愿,1F.1 Aim of TSP,To respond to likely problems, TSP offers methods that help people help themselves, protect themselves, and protect their children. Solve problems, avoid probl
15、ems Give long term skills Are based on good research. TSP目标 对有关问题，TSP提供一下的方法 -帮助人自助，保护人们和他们的孩子 -解决问题，避免问题 -提供长期的有用工具 -研究实证的结果,1F.2 General aim of TSP counseling,Give people tools to Solve their own problems Build their own skills Be independent of usWe do not aim to have clients obey us, be dependen
16、t on us or praise us. TSP咨询的总目标 交给别人工具，是为了 -解决他们的问题 -构建他们自己的技术 -能够脱离我们,2A.1 Personal requirements,Personal maturity not: clingy rescuers power seekers, competitive judges. Genuinely respect, others Empathy able to understand how clients feel Warmth already have their own friends Objectivity anticipa
17、te that clients can be upset, overstimulated, depressed, angry, etc. Willing to learn and practice TSP Learn and adhere to with skill approaches and ideas Improve effectiveness “How can I do better?” 个性需求 个性成熟，不要：救世主、权利追逐者、竞争评判者。内心尊重 同情 能够理解受咨者的感情 热情 已经有他们自己的朋友 客观 预见受咨者不安，过激，压抑和愤怒等 愿意学习和实践TSP，学习和运用其
18、方法和技术 追求有效性“我如何能做得更好？”,2B.1 Ethics & Confidentiality,US ethics require: Represent self honestly, describe services and fees Obey the law Be competent Avoid dual role Avoid conflicts of interest Obtain informed consent Keep records Maintain confidentiality; explain its limits In ethical dilemmas, tal
19、k to peers 道德和保密 美国的职业道得要求： 诚信、正确描述服务和收费 遵守法律 技术过硬避免多重角色 征求同意 保存记录 保守秘密，解释极限 遇到道德纠纷，让同事知道,2B.2 Duty to warn,Sometimes a client says threatening things abut another person. US laws give a duty to warn when:Clear and specific harm has been threatened The victim is readily identifiable There is imminen
20、t or immediate threat of serious harm or death. 有责任报警 有的时候受咨者的谈话中威胁到他人生命，美国法律规定有警告责任范围如下： -确凿的和有明显的威胁 -危害的事实已经很明显 -有紧迫或者直接的危害生命和导致死亡的迹象,2C.1 Self understanding,TSP counselors watch their behavior so they do not act out their own personal feelings on clients, e.g., Affection hungry wants praise and a
21、ffection Sexually dissatisfied sees clients as sex objects Power hungry rescues children from their parents Empty nester “adopts” client children as replacements 自我理解 TSP心理咨询师应该十分关注自己的行为，在面对顾客应该做到所戒备： -自己的虚荣去寻求受咨询者的赞扬和情感 -自己的性的不满足把受咨询者做为性目标 -看重权利去从父母那里“拯救孩子 -自己由于孩子大了离家或者没有孩子的“空巢”感，收养前来咨询的孩子,2D.1 Ant
22、icipating client emotion,When clients experience caring, concern and help, they sometimes feel infatuation (like “early love”) or exaggerated devotion to the counselor TSP counselors understand that this may naturally happen They treat it respectfully but do not permit the relationship to change 前瞻性
23、地看到受咨者的情绪发展 当受咨询者在经历关心、关爱和帮助的时候，他们一些时候感到 （有些想早恋的感觉）或者对咨询师有过于的依附 TSP的咨询师应该知道上诉情感是的发生是很自然的 TSP咨询师应该给予尊重，但不能容许自己和受咨询者之间的关系发生变化,3A.1 Three Skills will give tools to,1. Think Think flexibly, think ahead, think of others 2. Learn Get good qualifications; continue lifelong training so you a strong competit
24、or 3. Prevent Avoid the traps and sidetracks in the false reality presented by advertisers and entertainers “三大技巧”应该给予的工具： 1。思考灵活，前瞻和换位思考 2。学习 获得好的文凭但应该终身学习，成为强有力的竞争者 3。预防 避免广告和色情业把孩子下引向陷阱和虚假的现实,3B.1 Strengths of this approach,You can help people with comparatively little training What you do is bas
25、ed on good research If you stay close to the key ideas, the likelihood that you will harm people is low Clients can use what they learn in many other situations throughout their lives Sometimes having a new skill will help clients go on to acquire more and more new skills TSP的优势 你可以通过很少的训练就可以让受咨询得到帮
26、助 如果你始终扣住主题思想，你不会对受咨者造成伤害 受咨询者从你处得的可以说对他一生都有用 有的还可以通过掌握新的技术去寻求更多的技术,3B.2 Every approach to human change has limits. Here are TSPs,TSP will help many people through many situations and change their lives for the better.But these problems lie outside TSP Retardation, brain injury* Addiction Violence a
27、nd violent sexual behavior Conduct disorder* Major mental illness* Suicidal ideas* (* Collaborative work with the main treater can be very helpful ) 每个方法都有它的极限，当然TSP也不例外 TSP致力于帮助多数人的环境和生活变得更好 但是下列的的情况却不属于TSP范围： -大脑损伤 -顽固成疾 -暴力和暴力性的性行为 -行为失调 -严重的心理疾病 -自杀的想法 但不排除和其他的心理治疗师一起和在合作 -,4A.1 Basic Sequence,I
28、nitial contact (Module 4) Screen out safety problems first, then build understanding, agreement Assess (Module 5) Look at all aspects systematically so nothing is left out Select best intervention (Module 6) We cannot do everything, so what does the client want? What will work well? Intervene (Modul
29、es 7, 8, 9) Present tools, explain, coach, encourage, practice, review, teach client to do it themselves. 咨询的基本流程 建立关系（模式4）首先筛选范围内的问题，建立理解和和谐的关系 判定（模式5）系统地去看问题而不要漏掉任何细节 选择干预（模式6）模式，我们不可能什么都做，受咨询者究竟需要解决什么问题？是根本的问题吗？ 干预（模式7、8、9）提交工具，解释，教练，鼓励，练习，复习，让受咨询者自己掌握。,4C.1 Think first of everyones safety, clien
30、ts, familys and your own,Request for help,Any sort of safety issue?,1,1,1,Call, or refer medical or public safety issues directly to, hospital, police or fire authorities,If yes,If no,Continue to 2,4C.2 Offer referrals if problem lies outside TSP skills area 如果是下面属于TSP以外的问题,Safety (1) OK 范围以内,Proble
31、m outside of TSP ? 范围以外？,1,1,2,Alcoholism, drug addiction, intense marital conflict, criminality, etc refer to other resources or authorities* 酗酒、吸毒、紧张的夫妻关系、犯罪等，推荐给其他的心理治疗师,If yes,If no,Continue to 3 继续第三步,*TSP can help with living skills if you coordinate with the other resource or authority,4D.1 B
32、rief client; reach common aim,Inside TSP (2) ok TSP范围以内的问题,1,1,3A Hear Clients view of problem and situation倾听受咨询者的问题和情况3B Introduce TSP, skills approach, your training, confidentiality and fees介绍TSP，工具，你的训练方法，保密原则和费用3C Explain that youll assess using interview and visit用面谈和拜访的形式解释你 的诊断3D Then youll
33、 plan together 共同制定计划3E Obtain clients clear consent 征得受咨询者的同意,Continue to 4, Assessment 继续第4步的诊断,5A.1 Assessment: Be comprehensive; find strengths as well as problems,Recognize strengths and problems in Physical Individual personality Family Peer School Community/environment 诊断 全面地看问题，看到问题也看到优点 在下面
34、的方面 找出问题和优势所在： 身体 个性 家庭 同伴 学校 社区和环境,5A.2 Methods in assessing,Make a unique mix of the following for each case Talk to client Talk to parents Talk to teacher Visit home Visit school Observe interactions Compare what you are told with what you see 诊断的方法 把下面的几种方法加一中和运用 -与受咨询者面谈 -和父母面谈 -和老师面谈 -拜访家庭 -参观
35、其学校 -观察反映 -你听其说的和你观察到的,5B1 Physical issues,Most children and adolescents are quite healthy, so a few questions are adequate as screening, e.g., Normal pregnancy and delivery? Normal milestones of development? Significant illnesses? Significant accidents?Loss of oxygen, high fevers, blows to the head
36、 may decrease brain performance 身体的问题 一般来说青少年的身体状况都不错，我们应该从下面几个方面去考虑问题 ： -有没有早孕和堕胎？ -在哪个生长阶段？ -重大疾病？ -重大的事故/ 缺氧、高烧，会导致降低大脑工作,5C.1 Personal issues,Explore in depth: “What seems to be the problem?” and “What things are you/is the child good at?”Read both the words and the tone of voice and postureBuil
37、d a picture of skills and strengths which you will build on, and of missing skills which you will teach 个人问题 -深度探索： -“可能是什么问题？” -“这个孩子擅长什么？” 观察语言、声音和动作 考虑你要用的工具及其特点,5D.1 Family aspects,What is this family good at? As a unit, does it have adequate parenting skills? How cohesive (together) are the par
38、ents? How well are they coping with outside influences, such as peers, video parlors, etc? 家庭背景问题 这个家庭的的优势在什么地方？做为一个单元，这个家庭有足够的抚育的技巧吗？ 孩子经常和家长在一起？ 他们怎样面对外来的影响的，比如同伴，电视和电脑等节目。,5E.1 Peers,What is this young persons skill in making and keeping friends? To what extent is she a leader or a follower? What
39、s her general social position in the class? How close is she to the influence of anti-social or non-academic peers or other bad influences such as older unemployed youth? 同伴的影响 这个孩子交往朋友的技巧怎样？ 他作为一个小领导的角色或者团队队怎样？ 他在班上的角色怎样？ 他和不合群或者学习不好的同学，或者是失学的学生的的关系怎样？,5F.1 School aspects,Academically, what is goin
40、g well and what is going poorly? What skills make for “well” and what skills are missing in “poorly”? Non-academically, (extra curricular activities, such as sports, music,etc.) what is going well and what is going poorly? What skills make for “well” and what skills are missing in “poorly”? 学校方面的影响
41、学习方面，哪些方面不错？哪些方面做得不好？ 什么学习技巧使某些科成绩好，什么技巧的缺失使某科学习不好？ 非学习方面，（除教学大纲以外，如体育，音乐等）哪些方面做得好？哪些方面做的不好？,5G.1 Community/environment,To what extent does she use advantages of the particular community or environment, such as cultural opportunities? To what extent does she serve in or assist the particular communi
42、ty or environment, such as volunteer work? Does the particular community or environment present serious challenges, such as video game parlor, bar, immoral house, etc.? 社区/环境影响 她多大程度上利用了环境的优势，例如文化的机会？ 他多大程度上参加了社区的志愿行动或者活动？ 他所在的社区是不是有一些良环境，如电子游戏厅，色情场所等,6A.1 Building a picture: Enough information?,Oft
43、en, things are obvious. Everything you learn confirms the clients view of the problemSometimes, though, things are not obvious. Client cannot say whats wrong-often the case with depression; Client is too embarrassed, frightened, threatened, etc., to say outright-often the case with sexual, abuse or
44、marital issues 头脑中刻画出受咨者大致的情况并考虑是不是有足够的信息做诊断了？ 有的时候，迹象并不明显 -有的受咨者不直接谈自己的问题所在-通常发生在抑郁症的患者身上 -受咨者太害怕、害羞、或者受到恐吓不愿说出事实这些通常发生在性或者婚姻迫害等方面,6A.2 If not, seek more information,When your data doesnt clearly account for the problem, or when it contains contradictions (e.g., we have a loving family, but child i
45、s afraid to go home) Gently seek more information, keeping in mind that perhaps you enter on to embarrassing, difficult areas. Listen carefully, because the client may tell you important things indirectly 如果诊断信息不充分，寻求更多的信息 当你不能肯定你的信息或者出现有矛盾的西方（例如，我们的家庭很很温暖，孩子就是不愿意回家等） -耐心的寻求更多的信息，这个时候注意，你的提问可能进入到了一个
46、尴尬的、困难的领域，仔细聆听，你的受咨者会间接地告诉你很多重要的事情,6B.1 Build the alliance,Sometimes you will have an automatic alliance. The client wants your help, will accept your suggestions and work with you to the best of his ability Take suggestions incorporate client ideas wherever you can Sometimes building the alliance r
47、equires much effort, as in the examples following 建立同盟 一些时候你很容易和受咨者建立同盟关系。受咨者需要你的帮助，接受你的建议和尽最大努力和你合作。 但是有的时候不是这样，但你需要尽可能地接受不合作的,6B.2 Factors which make a good alliance harder,“Fix him. Give him back when fixed.” Problem has gone on for a very long time Problem is near violence, arousal, addiction On
48、e parent wants change, other opposes Parent says she doesnt like the problem, but actually seems to help keep it going Adolescents friends are all misbehaving, and controlling access to them is difficult 导致和受咨者建立同盟关系有困难的因素 “修理他，我等我恢复以后，我一定要报复回来” 很多年顽固的问题 暴力、或者成瘾的问题 教育不一致，其中一个家长要求改变，而另一个有不同意见 父母可能希望克
49、服某种问题，却又好象在助长这个问题 孩子的朋友的不良影响和控制导致的困难,6B.3 Work to build the alliance,Dont go forward thinking that the alliance will work itself out. It will not. A bad alliance can make things worse, e.g., “Now its me versus you and your counselor” Be open about the need for a good alliance, “To do x we all need to be working together. That, of course, includes you, Dad. You are a very important part of making change. Will you, perhaps, be willing to” 不要指望联盟会自己建立起来。另外，不良的联盟会使事情更糟糕。例如：“现在是我对你和你的咨询师了” 寻求帮助，持欢迎态度“对你的孩子我们需要一起来做，包括你和你的爸爸，你是我们改变的最重要的部分。你愿意。”,
