1、Lesson Two,Essential Grammar for Writing 新托福写作的语法基础,Contents,Basic sentence structure Gerund, infinitive, participle Noun/Adjective/Adverb clauses,Warm-up,Correct the following sentences.,Basic sentence structure,Sentence 至少有一个主语和一个谓语动词，并能表达完整意思的集合。Jeremy wants to major in chemistry in college. Chem
2、istry is his favorite subject.,主语,谓语,主语,谓语,Fragment,不完整的句子：没有主语或谓语动词，或者不能表达完整意思的集合。Wants to major in chemistry. Jeremy to major in chemistry. Because Jeremy likes chemistry. - Because Jeremy likes chemistry, he wants to major in that subject.,自我检测,分析句子主要成分Moving some big factories and their employee
3、s to the countryside can avoid traffic and housing problems in big cities.,句子类型,1 主语 + 动词 My grandparents live in a small town. 美句欣赏 The number of tourists fluctuated slightly in 2008. Notions about this issue vary greatly from person to person. The consumptions of electricity topped at 9 p.m.,自我检测,
4、1. 日本老年人的比例在1980年急剧下降到2.5%。 （dramatically）2. 人们对动物保护的观点不一。（differ）,2) 主语 + 动词 + 补语,Parents are the best teachers for their children. Computers have become very useful tools in modern life.美句欣赏 The protection of old buildings is a luxury for developing nations. The most important factor in learning l
5、anguage is a strong will to make it. Childhood is the prime period of peoples physical and mental development.,自我检测,Physical education is a waste of time and resources. 养殖和屠杀这些动物的方法通常是野蛮和残忍的。（slaughter, brutal）,3) 主语 + 动词 + 宾语,Students should follow school rules.美句欣赏 Learning a foreign language wide
6、ns ones horizon. Physical punishment violates childrens self-esteem. Subsidizing national sports wastes our limited public funds.,自我检测,Before rendering my own opinion, I will attempt to explore this hot issue from diverse perspectives. Traditional food benefits our physical health.,4) 主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语
7、 + 直接宾语,Some schools give their students a long summer vacation. Going to school early offers children a sense of competition. 美句欣赏 Tourism brings local people economic prosperity. I wish Chen great success in the test.,自我检测,我们可以向外国游客展现我们家乡的传统习俗。（traditions and customs）古建筑给我们一种民族自豪感和归宿感。（belonging）,
8、5) 主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 补语,We consider corporal punishment of children psychologically detrimental. The wide application of automobiles makes our lives more convenient and comfortable.,自我检测,Exercise,Paragraph writing Topic: Saving the endangered animalsPurpose: correct in sentence writing,Gerund,动名词V + in
9、g - 名词化,作主语,Take a walk is very good exercise. X Taking a walk is a very good exercise. Eat meals regularly is important for your health. X Eating meals regularly is important for your health.,作补语,One of my favorite activities is surf the Internet. X One of my favorite activities is surfing the Inte
10、rnet. Teamwork is communicate with others. X Teamwork is communicating with others.,Exercise,Paragraph writing Topic: morning reading Requirement: try to use more gerunds,Infinitive,不定式 - To + 动词原形1）作主语 Read books in English is very important for improving your vocabulary. X To read books in English
11、 is very important for improving your vocabulary. 2）作补语 The main purpose of traveling is experience new things. X The main purpose of traveling is to experience new things.,Infinitive,3）作宾语 People often like to criticize others behavior. 4） 作状语 In order to earn more money in the future, people try t
12、o get accepted to good schools. No one is intelligent enough to make good decisions without others advice.,Exercise,Paragraph writing Topic: benefits of living in big cities Requirement: try to use more infinitives,Participle,分词短语 v + ing 分词短语作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随状态等Travel in other countries, you sho
13、uld follow their customs. X When you travel in other countries, you should follow their customs. Traveling in other countries, you should follow their customs.,Participle,Being easily affected by the media, children should not watch television without their parents. = Because they are.Studying with a group, you will get distracted easily. = If you study.Hating electronic waves, I spend a lot of time in front of my computer. = Though I have.,Exercise,Paragraph writing Topic: morning reading Requirement: try to use more infinitives,
