1、US Foreign Policy,From Isolation to Intervention,Questions,Are there principles, trends or patterns in US foreign policy? Is it all about oil? Has it always been the indispensable nation? How did America become a superpower? What are the costs and benefits of being a superpower?,The indispensable na
2、tionBill Clinton, 1997.,http:/ Foreign Policy,Isolationism (Isolationist) Interventionism (Interventionist) Ideological Pragmatic Unilateralism (Unilateralist) Multilateralism (Multilateralist),孤立主义 干涉主义 思想上的 / 意识形态的 实用的 单边主义 多边主义,In foreign affairs there are many details to learn, but these details
3、 fit in to general patterns. To understand these patterns, there are certain terms you must know. Below are some of the most significant ones which will help us understand US foreign policy.,Warning: When you analyse American foreign policy, be careful to check your own biases.,19th C: a rising powe
4、r,From isolationism to limited interventionism. George Washingtons warning keep out of foreign wars (Isolationist). Monroe Doctrine keep European powers out of the Americas. Teddy Roosevelt (1903) speak softly but wave the big stick (i.e. be diplomatic, but maintain a strong military power) (Semi-in
5、terventionist).,T. Roosevelt & the Big Stick,Increasing interventionism, 1867-1917,Policy conflicts,America (1939) aided Britain but many in Congress opposed direct intervention.,America entered WW1 (1917). After the war, the President proposed the League of Nations (like the UN) but the US did not
6、join it because Congress failed to ratify* it.,Treaty - 协议,* 批准,Pearl Harbour: the end of isolationism,The Truman doctrine: containment,Post war communist expansion: Eastern Europe + China + ? Europe stabilized after breaking Stalins Berlin blockade* (1948-9). NATO v Warsaw Pact US Korea, Vietnam, C
7、uba, Chile, Nicaragua, Afghanistan, etc Domino theory: defend Vietnam to save Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, etc.,Berlin Wall,Post-war Germany,* 封锁 * 代理战争,The Cold War: a balance of terror,1959,Both superpowers could destroy the other with nuclear weapons therefore could not risk directly attacking
8、the other MAD mutually assured destruction*. Wars therefore only occurred in Third World counties between pro-Western and pro-Soviet states: e.g. South Vietnam v North Vietnam.,* 相互确保摧毁,Detaching China (1972),Mutual fear of Russia: “My enemies enemy is my friend” The US weakened by the Vietnam war M
9、ao weakened by the revolt of Lin Biao and afraid of Russian attack,Ping-pong diplomacy,Capitalist rodeo?,Gang of Two?,Nixon and Madame Mao,Soviet collapse,Reagan: victory through strength (the USSR lacked money to keep up with the USA) Post-Cold War: US support for free-market policies and expansion
10、 of NATO Western victory: The End of History (Fukuyama),1980: Solidarity, Polands first independent trade union,1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall,1991: Soviet Collapse,NATO members,1980-89: Afghanistan (The Soviets Vietnam),Middle East policy (Traditional),US supports Israel ideologically, but ensures o
11、il supplies from Arab states (contradictory aims?) US pragmatically supports friendly Arab states (whether democratic or not: e.g. Saudi Arabia) Opposes radical nationalists and the Iranian Islamic Revolution,Irans Mao: Khomeini,US hostages, Iran, 1979,Iranians burn the US flag,Rumsfeld & Saddam, 19
12、80s,Gulf War, 1991,War on Terror 2001,Bush initially isolationist (America first) New post-9/11 policies: interventionist war on terror, unilateralist pre-emptive strike.* Neo-conservative moral clarity: spreading democracy to the Middle East. But faced serious problems in Iraq & Afghanistan,Sept 11
13、, 2001,Invasion of Afghanistan, 2001,* 先发制人的攻击,US Foreign policy traditions,US Foreign Policy,PRAGMATIC (Interests),ISOLATIONIST,INTERVENTIONIST,IDEOLOGICAL (Ideals),Early 19th C,Late 19th C: big stick,Post-WW1,WW2,The Cold War,The Gulf War, 1991,Afghanistan, 2001,South Africa,Yugoslavia, 1999,Iraq,
14、 2003,WW1,The Korean War,The Vietnam War,Nixon in China,G. Washington,Note: the US took part in some of these conflicts, but did not necessarily start them.,Libya, 2011,Bahrain 巴林, 2011,Summary,Pre-WW2 isolationism v interventionism: the US worked to keep European powers out of the Americas, but kee
15、p itself out of European wars. Post-WW2: US policy aimed to contain the spread of communism in Europe through NATO and in the Third World by interventions in Korea, Vietnam, Cuba etc. The Middle East: The US has ideologically supported Israel and pragmatically supported friendly Arab oil states (Isr
16、ael v Egypt -1967, Iraq v Iran -1980s, Kuwait & Saudi Arabia v Iraq -1991). Post 9/11: unilateral intervention with pre-emptive strikes and ideological promotion of freedom, but only limited success (Iraq, Afghanistan). Obama: a pragmatic, multilateralist interventionist? (Has intervened, with other
17、s, in Afghanistan and Libya, but not in Bahrain, Syria or Iran).,Task,Explain (with examples) the isolationist and interventionist traditions of American foreign policy. Explain (with examples) the ideological and pragmatic traditions of US foreign policy ? What are the dilemmas for the US in the Middle East?,
