1、Psycholinguistics (心理语言学),Outline,History of PsycholinguisticsWhat is psycholinguistics?Ringe of study,History of Psycholinguistics,American psychologist Kantor.“Psycholinguistics” seminar held by American Indiana University in 1953,What is psycholinguistics?,Psycholinguistics= psychology + linguist
2、icsPsychology:cognitive psychology(认知心理学)Linguistics:Experimental Linguistics（实验语言学）,Definition: Psycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary(跨学科的) field that draws on psychology and related disciplines to study language processes.It is about how people use language or the mental processes a person use
3、s in producing and understanding language.,What is psycholinguistics?,Ringe of study,Research Foundation: psychology cognitive science(认知科学) linguistics,Ringe of study,Two possible directions:a. Language as a way of explaining psycholinguistic theories and processes.b. The effects of psychological c
4、onstraints(限制性或约束性的事物) on the use of language.,The three sub-fields:language acquisition (how human beings learn language). language comprehension (how we perceive and understand speech and written language) language production (how we construct an utterance from idea to completed sentence),Ringe of
5、 study,Language Acqusition,1.Some phenomenon 2.The Definition3.Some experts ideas4.Some discoveries 5.Some issues in language acquisition,Language Acqusition,1.Some phenomenon 2.The Definition3.Some experts ideas4.Some discoveries 5.Some issues in language acquisition,Have you noticed that.?,Childre
6、n usually know nothing about how to spell words or read sentences, but they can speak his native language fluently. After we can speak a certain language, we still can learn other languages, as we Chinese students are learning English, but usually this process is very tough.,These phenomenon concern
7、s about the language acquisition.,Two Kinds of Language Acquisition,First Language Acquisition: The process of acuqiring a native language is technically termed as first language acquisition, or simply language acquisition.（It usually refers to the children.） Second Language Acquisition(SLA): The pr
8、ocesses by which people learn languages in addition to their native language is termed as second language acquisition.(It usually refers to adults.),Language Acquisition,Language acquisition refers to how and when children speak and understand their native language in the context of their native lan
9、guage or in bilingual communities, three or more languages communities(语言社区).etc.,Developmentalists ideas (发展心理学专家的观点),They are interested in the external factors(外部因素) that shape acquistion, such as 1.learning（学习）, 2.brain maturation（大脑成熟度）, 3.social interaction（社群的相互作用）,and 4.cognitive development
10、（认知发展）.,Some examples supporting the developmentalists ideas,The students loving to learn usually learn quickly and well. The maturer children usually learn and understand words well. The children who are not willing to communicate with others usually acquire language slowly.,The ideas of experts in
11、 the field of SLA (第二语言习得领域专家的观点),They are intersted in what internal factors(内在因素) can probably influnce the process of acquisition, such as 1.the interaction between target language and native language,(目标语言与母语之间的联系） 2.the context in which the language is learned（语境）, 3.learners individuality （学习者
12、的个人特征） (cognitive styles, learning styles,etc.),Some examples supporting the SLAs ideas,1.We two who and who! 2.You give me stop! 3.heart flower angry open 4.He is studying in a red-brick college. 5.What a turkey!,1.In SLA, the acquisition period undergoes from prenatal（胎儿时期的） development through ad
13、olescence. 2.In practice, development research produces data from which the “normal” course of language comprehension and language production can be elicited. 3.Genaerally speaking, a childs linguistic performance is a function of age(with wide variations, for instance, intelligence, non-intellectua
14、l factors etc) and the language being acquired.,Some Discoveries:,4.Children learn simple grammatical forms before they learn complex forms.For example: 1.妈妈吃苹果。 2. 苹果被妈妈吃。 Passive voice, long sentences,etc will habe impact on the childs cognitive processing mechanism.,Other issues in Language Acqui
15、sition,Does bilingualism add to or subtract(减去) from language acquistion? How do children learn irregular verb forms(e.g，go-went)? How does the mothers prenatal（胎儿时期的） speech affect learning?,附录：What is mother tongue?,母语，亦称第一语言，是一个人最早接触学习、并掌握的一种或几种语言。母语一般是自幼即开始接触并持续运用到青少年或之后；并且一个人所受的家庭或正式教育中，尤其是早期，有
16、相当部分是通过母语传授的。 母语的运用能力对一个人进一步的学习过程至关重要，因为思考多是以母语为基础的；因此母语在教育过程中有核心的地位。如果母语掌握欠佳，学习别的语言也会有困难。 “母语”一词，也会给人错误的印象。母语不是靠出生地或血统决定。母语也不一定是母亲的语言，比如在一些父系社会，母亲来自不同的语言区，而孩子通常只用当地的语言，他们只有极少数会掌握母亲的语言。同样，对于移民后代来说，“母语”不一定是母国或祖国的语言，甚至有可能是人造语言（如世界语）。 一个人可以有两种或更多种母语，因此是“双语”或“多语”的。,Thanks for listening!,Language Compreh
17、ension,1.Definition 2.Language processing procedures 3.How we resolve lexical ambiguity,Definition,Comprehension refers to how we understand written, spoken, or signed language. Comprehension involves a complex string of processes that begins with phoneme perception and end with a derived meaning. P
18、honology, Morphology, Syntax Semantics,Language Processing Procedures,Involves sensory system, STM, LTM, effecter system,How lexical ambiguity happen,There is not a distinct acoustic pattern associated with each phoneme: Different acoustic patterns can be heard as the same phoneme; The same acoustic
19、 pattern can be heard as different phonemes depending on the context Whole word ambiguity: plant, seal, lead, bank, fine How we sparse the sentence,Ambiguity is one of many problems to be resolved in written and spoken language,The stuffy nose vs. The stuff he knows Visiting professor can be boring.
20、 I saw the man with binoculars,How we resolve lexical ambiguity,?,Language production,Outline,1.The definition of language production2. Two process of language production3. four stages of language production,1. Definition,Language production refers to how a person creates speech, sign language, or t
21、ext beginning with an innitial idea or message and ending in spoken, signed, or written.,2 processLanguage production involves two simultaneous processes 1)the thought process2)the speech process,3 Four stages,According to Levelt (1989), language production contains four stages:莱维尔特 1)conceptualizin
22、g2)formulating3)articulating4)self-monitoring,1)Conceptualizing,Conceptualzing involves conceiving of an intention, selecting the relevant information to be expressed for the realization of this purpose, ordering this information for expression, the sum total of these mental activities will be calle
23、d conceptualizing.,2)Formulating,Formulating refers to converting the thought (which is conceptualized in the first stage) into linguistic plan, to generating a framework on which to hang the units of speech. This stage consists of three phases: identifying the meaning selecting a syntactic structur
24、e generating an intonation contour.,three phases of formulating,1) identifying the meaning words meaning,three phases of formulating,2) selecting a syntactic structure 1) tree diagram2) semantics-bases framework 3) the connectionist model,three phases of formulating,3)Generating an intonation contou
25、r kntuWhether you are going to ask a question or make a statement, and the constituents in the utterance that need to be emphasized or stressed have to be tagged at this point . here is where we layout the stress pattern in the sentence to be produced. e.g.Mike like baby .(to emphasize object ) Mike
26、 like baby. (to emphasize subject ),3)Articulating: the thinks of internal speech from buffer,Thank you for your attention,Pragmatics and Discourse,The definition of pragmatics,It is the analysis of meaning in context. Studies of pragmatics focus on how social situations affect language processes.,T
27、he definition of discourse,It is multisentence speech ,such as conversation, dialogue, written text, stories, jokes, and narrative.,Schema theory(图式理论）,Schema theory refers to the organized symbol of knowledge and storage methods that surround one particular theme. For example, when we see a picture
28、 of dog ,we can quickly remember its name, living habits, and other things about it.,8.2 How is psycholinguistics studied?,Reaction time method (反应时法) Speech errors method (语误法) Discourse analysis (论述分析) Case study method (案例研究),Reaction time method,It is to record simple reading times for sentences
29、 that vary in linguistic complexity.Comprehension of metaphors -隐喻语言的理解e.g, “time is money” “knowledge is power ”,Speech errors method,Speech errors method is a traditional analysis of speech production based on spontaneous speech errors.,Spontaneous英音：spnteinis 美音：spntens,形容词 a. 1.自发的;非出于强制的 He mad
30、e a spontaneous offer of help. 他自愿提供帮助。 2.(动作等)无意识的,不由自主的 Hearing the joke, we burst into spontaneous laughter. 听到笑话,我们不由自主地大笑起来。 3.自然的 spontaneous behavior 自然的举止 4.(植物)自生的,非人工栽培的 5.(文体等)自然而优美的,Involuntarily 英音：invlntrili 美音：nvln,trl,副词 ad. 1.非自愿地;非出于本意地 2.无意地;偶然地 3.不由自主地;本能地 I shivered involuntaril
31、y. 我不禁发起抖来。,Discourse analysis,A trend is to analyze strategies used in conversations, dialogues, question asking, and interviews.,how is psychologistics studied- case study method,for understanding how language is acquired and what features each respective stage bears ,case study method is employed
32、,usually a typical subject is chosen first then is observation diary, interview, and participantsintrospect etc.,conclusion,defination of the psycholinguistics Field Description: Psycholinguistics is the study of peoples actions and mental processes as they use language. At its core are speaking and
33、 listening, which have been studied in domains as different as language acquisition and language disorders. Yet the primary domain of psycholinguistics is everyday language use.,General Topics: Language performance and language use; the acquisition, production and perception of language; psychologic
34、al processes involved in speech performance; the relevance of these questions to linguistic theory.,Course Outline,part I 1. An Introduction to Psycholinguistics: its scope of inquiry and developmental history 2. Language comprehension(语言理解) 3. Language production(语言的产生) 4. Language acquisition(语言习得
35、） 5. Second Language Acquisition(第二语言习得） 6pragmatics and discourse(语用学与话语) 7. New Directions in Psycholinguistics,PART II how is psycholinguistics studied reaction time method speech errors method discourse analysis case syudy method,Lets have a review,Fill in each of the following blanks with a pro
36、per words. refers to how and when children speak and understand their native language in the context of their native language or in bilingual communities, three or more languages communities, etc. The processes by which people learn languages in addition to their native language is termed as languag
37、e acquisition.,Language acquisition,second,3. refers to how we understand written, spoken, or signed language. 4. Language production involves two simultaneous processes: 1)the process2)the process 5.One of major difference is the fact that psycholingusitic researches is usually taking controlled _
38、_Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Children learn simple grammatical forms before they learn complex forms. Mistakes are committed only by non-native speakers, but not by native speakers.,Comprehension,thought,speech,T,F,laboratory experiment.,3.One traditional analys
39、is of reaction time method is based of spontaneous speech errors.,F,4.One question of interest in comprehension research is how we resolve lexical ambiguity.,T,5.Long term memory contains comparison, matching, analyzing, synthesizing,and working memory(long-term memory).,F,6.Mother language depends on their nationality.,F,What methods are usually used to study psycholinguistics? Reaction time method Speech errors method Discourse analysis Case study method,Assiangment:Review this unit and preview next unit.,Thank you!,
